
Class Lj j )?& 

Book »C-^> 

ma 






THE 



QUESTION BOOK 



m 



A GENERAL REVIEW OF 



COMMON SCHOOL STUDIES. 



FOE THE USE OF TEACHERS, AND THOSE 
INTENDING TO TEACH. 



: iSLl 






BY ASA H. CRAIG, 

CALDWELL'S PRAIRIE, RACINE CO., WIS. 



DELAFIELD, WIS. 

THE RURAL BOOK AND PAMPHLET PRESS. 

1872. 



■Si* 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1872, 
By ASA H. CRAIG, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, in and for the 

District of Wisconsin. 



QUESTIONS COT OETHOaEAPHY. 

What is Orthography? 

How is voice produced? 

What are those sounds called produced by the differ- 
ent organs of speech? 

How many elementary sounds in the English lan- 
guage? How divided? 

What are tonics? Subtonics? Atonies? Enumerate 
the letters which compose them. 

v\ r hat are vowels? Consonants? 

How are consonants divided? Define each. 

What are the sounds of a, e, i, o, uf 

How many sounds have b, h, k, I, m, v, shf 

How many sounds have d, g, n, /, j, p, r, s, x, % ph f 

What are the sounds of c, t, chf 

What peculiarity about the sounds of q and wh f 

What letters have a second sound in only one or two 
words? 

Which letters are never silent? Which have no sound 
of their own? 

What is a surd? 

What is assimilation of consonants ? 

What are cognates? 

What are alphabetical equivalents? 

What is a diphthong? Triphthong? Digraph? 

What is a letter? Syllable? Word? ' 

What are words of one, two, three, four or more sylla- 
bles called? 



4 Teachers' Question Book. 

22. Define a primitive, a derivative, a simple, and com- 

pound word. 

23. What is a prefix ? Suffix ? The root ? 

24. What are the chief errors of articulation ? 

25. Where should capital letters be used ? 

26. For what purpose are italic letters used ? 

27. When are w and y used as consonants, and when as 

vowels? 

28. How many regular dipthongal sounds are there? 

29. Which elementary sounds cannot be represented by 

a single character? 

30. Which letters have no substitutes? 

31. What is the use of silent letters? 

32. What is the difference between the name ane power 

of a letter? 

33. What is an aspirate? 

34. What is syllabication? 

35. What is the guide for dividing words into syllables? 

36. How may words be divided at the end of lines? 

37. Why are words divided into syllables? 

38. When is the hyphen required? 

39. When two vowels come together in the same syllable, 

how are they disposed of in syllabication? 



QUESTIONS CXN HEADING. 

1. What is Reading? 

2. What is elocution ? 

3. What does elocution embrace? Define each. 

4. What does orthoepy embrace? 



Teacher's 1 Question Book. 5 

5. Define articulation. 

6. What are the oral elements? How produced? 

7. What is accent? 

8. When two syllables of a word are accented, which has 

the greater force? 

9. What are the expressions of speeeh? Define slur and 

emphasis. 

10. How are emphatic words distinguished ? 

11. When should emphatic words be used? 

12. How many inflections are there? Define each. 

13. When is each inflection used ? 

14. What is a monotone? 

15. What is modulation and its divisions ? 

16. What is pitch, force, rate, and quality, and how divided ? 

17. What is a pure tone? An oratund? An aspirate? A 

gutteral ? A trembling ? 

18. What is personation ? 

19. What are pauses ? Grammatical pauses ? Rhetori- 

cal pauses? 

20. What is suspensive quantity? 

21. What does quantity embrace? 

22. How many kinds of emphasis ? Define each. 

23. What are some of the essential qualities of good 

reading ? 

24. What is enunciation? Pronunciation? 

25. What quality of voice is mostly used in reading and 

speaking ? 

26. What determines the proper accent of words ? 

27. How is inflection sometimes affected by emphasis ? 

28. What is cadence? 

29. What is the difference between the construction of 

prose and poetry? 

30. What is a parenthetic clause, and how should it be 

read ? 



6 Teachers' Question Book. 

31. When melody comes in conflict with accent, which 

must yield? 

32. What is simile? ' 



QUESTIONS (OT ENGLISH GRAM- 
MAR. 

1. What is English Grammar? 

2. Into what parts is it divided ? 

3. Of what does pronunciation treat? Etymology? Syn- 

tax ? Prosody ? 

4. What is the basis of grammar? 

5. Of what does language consist? 

6. What is a part of speech? How many? 

7. How are nouns divided? Define them. 

8. When does a proper noun become a common? 

9. When does a common noun become a proper? 

10. How are pronouns divided? Define each class. 

11. What is the antecedent of a pronoun? 

12. Does the pronoun it always have an antecedent? 

13. What is a compound personal pronoun? 

14. To what is the relative who and which applied ? How 

is what used? 

15. When is as a relative pronoun? When is that? 

16. What are the compound relative pronouns? 

17. What is a responsive, or indirect interrogative pro- 

noun ? 

18. How are adjective pronouns divided? 

19. How should either, neither, each other, and one another 

be used? 



Teachers Question Book. 7 

20. How should this and that be used? 

21. What properties have nouns and pronouns? 

22. What are the methods of distinguishing the genders? 

23. When and how are proper nouns made plural? 

24. What class of nouns is generally used in the singular 

number? When may they be used in the plural? 

25. When is a collective noun singular, and when plural? 

26. How are nouns made plural? 

27. How are compound words made plural? 

28. How are the titles Mr., Miss, Dr., and Mrs. made plural ? 

29. How is the plural of foreign nouns formed? 

30. How is the editorial we used? 

31. What is case? Name the cases. 

32. When is a noun or pronoun used in the different cases ? 

33. How is the possessive case denoted? 

34. When are two terms in apposition? When is one 

predicated of the other? In what must these 
terms agree? 

35. Decline who, which, what, and that. 

36. When may ivhat have two cases? 

37. What is declension? 

38. What is an adjective? 

39. How are adjectives divided? Define each class. 

40. Into what smaller classes are they divided? Describe 

each class. 

41. How are the numeral adjectives divided? 

42. What is comparison? How many degrees? 

43. What parts of speech have comparison? 

44. How are degrees below the positive expressed? 

45. When should more and most in comparison be pre- 

ferred? 

46. Must adjectives always agree with their substantive 

in number? 



8 Teachers' Question Book. 

47. When does an adjective become a noun? 

48. What is a verb? A regular verb? An irregular verb? 

49. What are the principal parts of a verb? 

50. What is a redundant verb? A defective verb? A fi- 

nite verb? 

51. . What parts of a verb are not finite? 

52. When may a transitive verb become intransitive? An 

intransitive, transitive? 

53. What is a neuter verb? A principal verb ? An auxil- 

iary verb? 

54. What properties have verbs? Define each. 

55. When is a verb in the active or passive voice? 

56. How many modes are there? Define each. 
57" How many tenses in each of the modes? 

58. What are the signs of the tenses? 

59. What are the forms of a tense? 

60. What ending does a verb have when its subject is 

thou*! 

61. When a subject or antecedent consists of words dif- 

fering in person, how is the person of the verb or 
pronoun determined? 

62. What is an impersonal verb? 

63. What properties have auxiliary verbs ? 

64. Which are auxiliary verbs? Which sometimes are 

principal verbs? 

65. What is an infinitive ? How many ? 

66. When is to, the sign of the infinitive, omitted? 

67. What is a participle ? How many ? 

68. What is a compound participle ? 

69. Do participles have voice ? 

70. What do being, having, and having been express in re- 

lation to participles ? 

71. What are some of the chief particulars in which 

participles and infinitives agree ? Some in which 
they differ ? 



Teachers' Question Book. 9 

72. What is conjugation? Synopsis? 

73. What is an adverb? How are the most of them 

formed ? 

74. What is a conjunctive adverb ? 

75. Into what classes are adverbs divided? 

76. What is the difference in the use of an adjective and 

adverb ? 

77. What is a preposition? An adjunct? To what does 

it relate? 

78. What may a substantive, governed by a preposition, 

be? 

79. What is a conjunction? How divided? 

80. What is analysis? Synthesis? Parsing? 

81. What is relation? Agreement? Government? 

82. What is a sentence? Clause? Proposition? Phrase? 

83. What is a declaratory sentence? Interrogatory? Im- 

perative? Exclamatory? 

84. What is a simple sentence? Compound? Complex? 

85. What is the subject and predicate of a sentence? 

86. What is the logical and grammatical subject and 

predicate of a sentence? 

87. What is a discourse? Of what may it treat? 

88. What is a paragraph ? 

89. What is analysis based upon? 

90. What are elements of sentences? 

91. What must every proposition have? 

92. What is a modifier? How many kinds? 

93. By what may a noun or pronoun be modified? 

94. By what may a verb be modified? 

95. When an infinitive or participle is used as a noun, 

what modifiers do they take? 

96. What may an independent element be? 

97. In what do all the errors in language consist? 



io Teachers' Question Book. 

PARSING. 

Parse the italicised words in the following sentences : 

1. To go a fishing. What are you about t She walks about. 

I am & friend. Adieu! adieu! my native land. 

2. I have asked you again and again. All are but parts 

of one stupendous whole. He is all in all. They 
are all alone. The city and also the country, have 
their enjoyments. Are they any better than we f Let 
such as hear take heed. 

3. Ay, so let it be. Home, he loved thee best. Every per- 

son ought to do his best. A ship of two thousand 
tons burden. Whence all but him had fled. By the 
by, do you know John was at home? We sell 
cheap. We bought one each. 

4. Bring me your book? I, even I, was there. A long 

fast. To fast long. He had better have taken cold 
than taken our umbrella. Poor, guiltless I; and 
can I choose but smile. It was /. Methinlcs I hear 
a call. 

5. Stop, madam, I will hear no more! Teacher, he called 

me names. Stay till to-morrow. Three times the 
son's age is equal to the father's. Three times four 
are twelve. Come ivhen you can. Since when 
was it? 

6. I will take what you^send. What is the matter '( I 

know what is the matter. What success to-day? 
What! leave me here? 

7. I believe that that boy that was here yesterday has my 

knife; and that knife is worth a dollar. A man 
passes for that he is worth. Dr. Palmer, No. 178, 
Pearl St., Boston, Mass. 

8. Smith, Johnson & Wilson's Bookstore. They named 



TeacJiers' Question Book. 1 1 

her Mary. I was eyes to the blind, and/eei was I 
to the lame. And eyes looked love to eyes that 
spoke. Somebody, call my wife. 
9. Hark! hear him speak. He is about to go home. The 
horse stands sleeping. The Atlantic Ocean is three 
thousand miles wide. Take, boatman, thrice thy fee ! 
Yes, that is so. Is that the man you spoke off 

10. He that hath, to him shall be given. We sailed north a 

hundred miles the first day. Do you remember 
what was given? His being bloody was the cause 
of suspicion. " Lazy wire"! exclaimed the dial 
plate. "Very good," replied the pendulum. Just 
as I approached the house the names broke 
through the roof. 

11. Stay, jailer, stay, and hear my woe ! Oh, yes, my lord; 

I will serve thee unto death. This depends on 
who the commissioners are. I will not object to what 
is reasonable. Friends, Romans, countrymen ! lend me 
your ears ! On the grassy brink, stood a tall 
waving ash, sound to the very top. I tried to do 
what you told me. 

12. Is there aught in sleep can charm the sense ? Calm was 

the day. We may expect a calm after a storm. 
To prevent passion is easier than to calm it. The 
Lord shall judge between us, she said, in a cold, icy 
tone, that froze the murderer's heart. 



QUESTIONS Q]ST MENTAL ARITH- 
METIC. 

1. A market-woman bought 50 oranges, and had 2 of 
them stolen; the remainder she sold at 3 cents 



12 Teachers' Question Book. 

each, and thereby gained \ of a cent on each 
orange bought. How much did they cost each ? 

2. A man had stolen from him \ of his money ; the thief 

was not caught until he had spent f of what he 
had stolen ; the remainder, $320, was given back. 
How much had he at first ! 

3. What number is less by 33 than the sum of its one- 

half, its one-third, and its one-fourth? 

4. A person said the time past noon was f- of the time 

to midnight ; what was the time of day ? 

5. Two men and a boy perform a piece of work; the first 

can do it in \ of a day; the second in \ of a day; 
but the boy requires 8 days. In what time will 
they do it working together ? 

6. A and B are on opposite sides of an island, 20 rods 

around. While A travels 10 rods, B travels 11 
rods ; how many times will A go round before B 
overtakes him ? 

7. A owes f of B's income, bat by saving -iz of B's in- 

come annually, he can pay his debt in five years, 
and have 50 dollars left. What is B's income ? 

8. A is twenty years old; the sum of the ages of B and 

C equal four times A's age; C's age is \ of A's 
and B's together. What is the age of each"/ 

9. The interest on \ of A's fortune and flj of B's, for 

one year, at 7 per cent., is $140. If A's fortune 
is % of B's, what is the fortune of each? 

10. When gold is 130, is it better to lend money at 7 per 

cent., or to buy 5-20's at 106? 

11. A pole is fixed in the bottom of a river. 3 feet are in 

the air ; the part in the water is three times as 
long as that in the mud ; and the part in the mud 



Teachers' Question Book. 13 

is -h of the rest of the pole. How long is the 
pole ? 

12. A man sold a watch for $90, and gained 50 per cent.; 

what per cent, would he have gained if he had 
sold it for $75? 

13. Ira's age is 6, Paul's 20; in how many years will Paul 

be twice as old as Ira? 

14. What number is doubled by adding 35 to \ of itself? 

15. What per cent, of I of 40 is f of 12? 

16. What is the difference between five feet square and 

five square feet? 

17. If I buy apples, 4 for 5 cents, and sell 5 for 4 cents, 

what rate per cent, do I lose ? 

18. How shall I mark goods, which cost me $4, so that I 

may fall twenty per cent, from my asking price, 
and still make 25 per cent ? 

19. I pay $12.60 for 30 bushels of corn, giving 50 cents 

per bushel for that which is good, and 20 cents a 
bushel for that which is damaged. How many 
bushels of each kind ? 

20. A cistern has 3 pipes ; the first fills it in 9 hours ; the 

other two are of equal size. If all 3 are left open 
the cistern will be filled in five hours. In what 
time will the second fill it ? 

21. A tailor sold tAVO coats for $26 each ; on one he gained 

30 per cent.; and on the other he lost 30 per cent. 
Did he gain or lose on both, and how much? 

22. If I of the cost equals % of the selling price, what 

is the loss per cent.? 

23. By selling silk at 75 cents a yard, a merchant gained 

\ of the cost. What was the cost? 

24. How many clays will it take 4 men to earn $111, if 3 

men earn i of a dollar in I of a day? 



14 Teachers' Question Book. 

25. A farmer sold f of li times his flock, and had 12 

sheep remaining. How many sheep had he at 
first? 

26. A wolf ran 80 rods to catch a sheep ; § of the dis- 

tance the sheep ran was equal to the distance 
between them when the chase commenced. What 
was the distance? 

27. If a ton of hay is bought for f of the market price, 

and sold for 5 per cent, more than the market 
price, what per cent, is gained? 

28. The difference between the cost of a horse and a 

buggy is $40; % of the cost of the buggy is 
equal to -^ of the cost of the horse. What is 
the value of each ? 

29. At what time between 6 and 7 o'clock are the hour 

and minute hands of the clock together ? 

30. A and B can do a piece of work in 12 days ; B and 

C in 9 days ; how long will it take each alone to 
doit? 

31. A man bought a horse for $72, and sold it for 25 per 

cent, more than it cost, and 10 per cent, less than 
he asked for it. What did he ask for it? 

32. If a certain number be multiplied by i of itself and 

3 added to the product, the result will be 51. What 
is the number? 

33. The sum of two numbers is 10 ; their difference is 

equal to I of the greater number ; what are the 
numbers ? 

34. I of a sum received for goods was gain ; what was 

the gain per cent.? 

35. A piece of paper is 4 inches square ; what part of a 

square yard is the paper ? 



Teachers' Question Book. 15 

36. I spent i of my money, lost f of the remainder, and, 

after spending $20 more than I of what was left, I 
had $60. What had I at first ? 

37. Interest, $20; time, 18 months ; rate, 8 per cent.; what 

is the principal ? 

38. What per cent, do I gain by selling 9 oz. of gold for 

a pound? 

39. If $1 in gold is worth $1.40 in greenbacks, how many 

dollars in currency will buy $500 in gold ? 

40. The difference between the cost of a horse and a 

buggy is $40 ; % of the cost of the buggy equal 
t 8 5 of the cost of the horse. What is the cost of 
each? 

41. A boy gave to each of his playmates 3 cents, and had 

24 cents remaining. If he had given them each 
7 cents, it would have taken all the money he 
had. How many playmates had he ? 

42. If 8 times a certain number is 36 more than times 

the same number, what is the number ? 
43.. I of one number is equal to f of another, and their 
sum is 57 ; what are the two numbers ? 

44. A person being asked the time of day said, the time 

past noon is i of the time past midnight ; what 
was the hour : 

45. If to a certain number I and i of itself and 8 be add- 

ed, the number will be doubled; what is the 
number? 

46. In what time will $120 gain $3.25 at 5 per cent.? 

47. I of the cost of A's horse is 4 times what he gained 

by selling it ; what was his gain by selling it ? 

48. If I of an apple costs f of a cent, what will f of an 

apple cost ? 



1 6 Teachers' Question Book. 

49. A boy bought peaches at the rate of 3 for 2 cents, and 

sold them at the rate of 9 for 7 cents ; what was 
his gain per cent.? 

50. A pole was f under water ; the water rose 8 feet, and 

then there was as much under water as had been 
above water before. How long was the pole? 

51. If I of A's money equals % of B's, what part of B's 

equals I of A's? 

52. A's money is $4 more than I, and $5 less than I of 

B's ; how much has each ? 

53. If I sell flour for $84, and gain 20 per cent., what per 

cent, would I have gained if I had sold for $100 ? 

54. Alice is \ as old as her mother. 5 years since she was 

but \ as old; in how many years will she be 
half as old? 

55. A drover paid $76 for calves and sheep, paying $3 for 

calves, and $2 for sheep. He sold \ of his calves 
and | of his sheep for $23, and in so doing lost 
8 per cent, on their cost. How many of each did 
he purchase ? 

56. A and B can do a piece of work in 14 days ; A can 

do f as much as B ; in how many days can each 
doit? 



QUESTIONS OTS WRITTEN 
ARITHMETIC. 

1. What are mathematics ? 

2. What is quantity ? 



Teachers' Question Book. ij 

3. What is a unit ? 

4. What is a number? A power of a number? 

5. What is an integer ? 

6. What is an abstract number? Concrete number? 

7. What is a sign ? 

8. What is a rule ? A problem ? 

9. What is notation ? Numeration ? 

10. How many systems of notation in general use ? 

11. Upon what is the Roman notation founded? 

12. What is the sign of aggregation ? 

13. What is an axiom ? 

14. What is the minuend ? Subtrahend ? 

15. What are the component factors of a number ? 

16. How find the true remainder in dividing by factors ? 

17. W T hat is a prime number ? 

18. What is a common divisor? The greatest common 

divisor ? 

19. What is a multiple? Common multiple? Least com- 

mon multiple ? 

20. What are fractions ? 

21. What is the value of a fraction? 

22. What does the numerator show ? The denominator ? 

23. What is a proper fraction? Improper? Mixed? 

Complex? 

24. Why invert the divisor in division of fractions ? 

25. How find the greatest common divisor of fractions ? 

26. How find the least common multiple of fractions ? 

27. What are decimal fractions? 

28. What are circulating decimals ? 

29. What is a repetend ? 

30. What are continued fractions ? 

31. What is the difference between decimal fractions and 

common fractions ? 



1 8 Teachers' Question Book. 

32. What is currency ? 

33. From what was the sign $ derived? 

34. What is an aliquot part of a number ? 

35. What is a bill? 

36. What is a compound number ? 

37. What is measure? How divided? 

38. What is a scale ? 

39. What is weight? 

40. What is the difference between a pound Troy and a 

pound Avoirdupois ? 

41. What is extension? 

42. What is linear measure? 

43. What is a square ? A cube ? 

44. How many cubic inches in a wine gallon ? In a beer 

gallon? In a bushel? 

45. How is every circle supposed to be divided? 

46. What are duodecimals ? 

47. What is percentage ? What is its base? 

48. What does the wordier cent, mean? 

49. What is brokerage ? Commission ? 

50. When is stock at par ? When below par ? 

51. What is a share ? Stock ? 

52. What is the difference between a charter and a firm ? 

53. What is a dividend ? 

54. What is profit and loss ? 

55. How find the gain or loss per cent, when the cost and 

selling price are given ? 

56. How find the selling price when the cost and gain or 

loss per cent, are given ? 

57^ How find the cost when the selling price and the gain 
or loss per cent, are given? 

58. What is insurance ? A policy ? A premium ? 

59. What is a tax ? An inventory ? 



Teachers' Question Book. 19 

60. What are duties or customs? What is a custom house? 

61. What is interest ? Usury? 

62. The time, rate per cent., and interest, being given, 

how find the principal ? 

63. The time, rate per cent., and amount being given, 

how find the principal ? 

64. The principal, time, and interest, being given, how 

find the rate per cent.? 

65. The principal, interest,- and rate per cent., being given, 

how find the time ? 

66. What is discount ? Bank discount ? Days of grace ? 

67. What is the present worth of a debt ? How find it ? 

68. What is exchange ? How many kinds ? 

69. What is equated time ? 

70. What is a focal date ? 

71. What is ratio? Define each kind? 

72. What is the antecedent ? Consequent ? 

73. What is direct ratio? Inverse or reciprocal? 

74. What is proportion ? 

75. Which are the extremes ? The means ? 

76. What is partnership? A dividend? 

77. Of what does allegation treat ? 

78. How many kinds of allegation ? Define each. 

79. What is involution ? Evolution ? 

80. What is a surd? 

81. What is the square root of a number? 

82. What is the cube root of a number? 

83. What is arithmetical progression ? 

84. What is geometrical progression ? 

85. What is the length of the longest measure that can be 

exactly contained in each of the two distances 
18| feet and 57i feet? 

86. What is the least common multiple of f , to, ^, and rt? 



20 Teachers' Question Book. 

87. What is the least common multiple of ^, ff , f§ ? 

88. What number, diminished by the difference between 

f and f of itself, leaves a remainder of 144 ? 

89. There are two numbers, whose difference is 25te, and 

one number is f of the other ; what are the num- 
bers? 

90. If | of a bushel of barley be worth f of a bushel of 

corn, and corn be worth $>§ per bushel, how many 
bushels of barley will $15 buy ? 

91. If a person agree to do a job of work in 30 days, what 

part of it ought he to do in 16| days ? 

92. A cistern, being full of water, sprung a leak ; and, be- 

fore it could be stopped, f of the water ran out, 
but f as much ran in at the same time ; what 
part of the cistern was emptied ? 

93. A, B, and C start at the same point in the circumfer-' 

ence of a circular island, and travel round it in the 
same direction. A makes f of a revolution in a 
day, B T 4 T , and C 5 8 j. In how many days will they 
all be together at the point of starting ? 

94. A miller paid $54 for grain, tu of it being barley at 

$ .62^ per bushel, and f of it wheat at $1.87i per 
bushel ; the balance of the money he expended 
for oats at $ .37i per bushel. How many bushels 
of grain did he purchase ? 

95. Paris is 2°, 20', and Canton 113°, 14' east longitude; 

what is the difference in time ? 

96. The longitude of Cambridge, Mass., is 71°, 7' west; 

and of Cambridge, England, is 5', 2" east. What 
time is it in the former place, when it is 12 M. at 
the latter ? 

97. What is the value, in Avoirdupois weight, of 16 lbs. 5 

oz. 10 pwt. 13 gr. Troy? 



Teachers' Question Book. 21 

98. What decimal of a rod is 1 ft. 7.8 in.? 

99. If a piece of timber be 9 in. wide and 6 in. thick, what 

length of it will be required to make 3 cubic ft.? 

100. The great pyramid of Cheops measures 763.4 feet on 

each side of its base which is square. How many 
acres does it cover ? 

101. The roof of a house is 42 ft. long, and each side 20 ft, 

6 in. wide; what will the roofing cost at $4.62i a 
square? 

102. How many U.S. bushels will a bin contain that is 8.5 

ft. long, 4.25 ft. wide, and 3| ft. deep ? 

103. If 12 men working 9 hours a day for 15f days were 

able to execute § of a job; how many men may 
be withdrawn, and the job be finished in 15 days 
more, if the laborers are employed only 7 hours a 
day 1 

104. If the use of $300, for 1 yr. 8 mo., is worth $30, how 

much is the use of $210.25, for 3 yrs. 4 mo. 24 da., 
worth ? 

105. A merchant, in selling groceries, sells 14^- oz. for a 

pound ; how much does he cheat a customer who 
buys of him to the amount of $38.40 ? 

106. In the erection of a house I paid twice as much for 

material as for labor. Had I paid 6 % more for 
material, and 9 % more for labor, my house would 
have cost $1284. What was its cost? 

107. An army, which has been twice decimated in battle, 

now contains only 6480 men ; what was the orig- 
inal number in the army ? 

108. Each of two men, A and B, desired to sell a -horse to 

C. A asked a certain price, and B asked 50 % 
more. A then reduced his price 20 % , and B his 



22 Teachers' Question Book. 

price 30 % ; at which prices C took both horses, 
paying for them $148. What was each man's 
asking price? 

109. Having sold a consignment of cotton on 3 % com- 

mission, I . am instructed to invest the proceeds 
in city lots, after deducting my purchase commis- 
sion of 2 % . My whole commission is $265. What 
is the price of the city lots '? 

110. What is the value in gold, of a dollar in currency, 

when gold is at 203 % ? 

111. How many yards of cotton, at 25 cts. in gold, can be 

purchased for $250 in current funds, when gold is 
at 175 % ? 

112. Which is the better investment, a bond and mortgage 

at 7 %, or U. S. 10-40's, gold being 134? And 
what per cent, in gold? 

113. Sold my carriage at 30 % gain, and with the money 

bought another, which I sold for $182, and lost 
12ir %. How much did each carriage cost me? 

114. A machinist sold 24 grain drills for $125 each. On 

one-half of them he gained 25 % , and on the re- 
mainder lost 25 % . Did he gain or lose on the 
whole, and how much ? 

115. Bought land at $30 per acre ; how much must I ask 

per acre, that I may abate 25 % from my asking 
price, and still make 20 % on the purchase money? 

116. If I make a profit of 18f % by selling broadcloth at 

$ .75 per yard above cost, how must I advance on 
this price to realize a profit of 31 i % ? 

117. What is the present worth of a debt of $385,314, to 

be paid in 5 mo. 15 da., at 6 % ? 

118. What is the difference between the interest and dis- 



Teachers' Question Book. 23 

count of $576, due 1 yr. 4 mo. hence, at 6 % ? 

119. What rates of bank discount on 30 day notes corres- 

pond to 10 % interest ? 

120. Three men hire a pasture for $55.50. A put in 5 

cows 12 weeks ; B 4 cows 10 weeks ; C 6 cows 8 
weeks. How much ought each to pay ? 

121. Three men take an interest in a coal mine. B invests 

his capital for 4 months. A claims tV of the pro- 
fits; C's capital is in 8 months; and D invests 
$6,000 for 6 months, and claims f of the profits. 
How much did B and C put in? 

122. In what proportions may we take sugars at 7cts., 

8 cts., 13 cts., and 15 cts., to form a compound 
worth 10 cts. per pound, using equal parts of the 
first three kinds? 

123. A dairyman bought ten cows at $20 a head; how 

many must he purchase at $16, $18, and $24 a 
head, so that the whole may cost him an average 
price of $22 a head ? 

124. How much wine, at $1.75 a gallon, must be added 

to 60 gallons, at $1.14, and 30 gallons, at $1.26, so 
that the mixture may be worth $1.57 a gallon? 

125. A man bought calves, sheep and lambs, 154 in all, 

for $154. He paid $3J for each calf, $H for each 
sheep, $2 for each lamb. How many did he buy 
of each? 

126. Find the square root of 6f, correct to the sixth dec- 

imal place. 

127. Find the cube root of 24, correct to six decimal 

places. 

128. Find the cube root of .171467. 

129. If it cost $75 to enclose a circular pond, containing 

a certain area, how much will it cost, at the same 



24 Teachers' Question. Book. 

rate, to enclose another containing 5 times the 
area of the first? 

130. If a cistern 6 feet in diameter hold 80 barrels of 

water, what must be the diameter of a cistern, of 
the same depth, to hold 1200 barrels? 

131. What must be the length of the side of a cubical bin 

that will contain 150 bushels ? 

132. How many square feet in the surface of a cube, whose 

solidity is 79507 cu. ft.? 

133. If a cistern, 6 ft. in diameter, holds 80 bbls of water,, 

how much water will be contained in a cistern of 
the same depth, and 18 ft. in diameter ? 

134. What is the length of the side of a square which can 

be enclosed within a circle 42 in. in diameter ? 

135. If a stack of hay 4 ft. high contains 4 tons, how high 

must a similar stack be to contain 20 tons ? 

136. How many globes 4 in. in diameter are equal in vol- 

ume to one 12 in. in diameter? 

137. Find the sum of the series, the first term of which is 

4, the common difference 6, and the last term 40. 

138. If the first term be 6, the ratio i, and the number of 

terms 8, what is the last term ? 

139. The extremes are 2 and 512, and the number of terms 

is 5 ; what is the ratio ? 

140. A man traveled 13 days ; his last day's journey was 

80 miles ; and each day he traveled 5 miles more 
than on the preceding day. How far did he travel, 
and what was his first day's journey ? 



Teachers' Question Book. 25 



QUESTIONS CXN HISTORY. 

1. What is History? 

2. What records show that America was discovered pre- 

vious to the discovery by Columbus ? 

3. What land did Columbus first discover, and when ? 

When the main land ? 

4. How many voyages did Columbus make ? 

5. Who discovered the continent before Columbus, and 

where ? 

6. What discoveries were made in 1512 and 1513, and 

by whom ? 

7. Who were the first Spanish, English and French dis- 

coverers ? 

8. Who was James Carter? 

9. Who was Ferdinand De Soto ? 

10. When and where was the first colony founded on the 

American continent? 

11. When, where, and by whom was the first colony 

founded in the United States ? 

12. Who first attempted to form English settlements in 

America ? 

13. When and where was the first permanent English set- 

tlement made in the United States ? 

14. Who sent out the settlers to Jamestown ? 

15. What territory was granted the London Company ? 

16. Who was the first president of the Jamestown colony? 

17. Who was Captain John Smith ? 

18. Who were Pocahontas and Powhattan ? 

19. When did the first English women come to America ? 

20. What valuable plants were discovered in America ? 



26 Teachers' Question Book. 

21. When was the first Indian plot to massacre the Eng- 

lish? 

22. When was the first Indian massacre ? the second ? 
'23. Who discovered the Hudson River ? 

24. What was the object of Hudson's explorations? what 

became of him ? 

25. What was the country called explored by Hudson ? 

What nations claimed it ? 

26. How was the dispute settled? 

27. When, and by what nation, was Negro slavery intro- 

duced into the United States ? 

28. When, and by whom was Massachusetts settled ? 

29. How many Puritans came on the first voyage ? Who 

was their governor ? 

30. Was the colony prosperous ? 

31. Who was Roger Williams? 

32. What was the treatment of the Puritans to the Qua- 

kers ? 

33. When was King Philip's war ? Who was King Philip? 

34. What European wars disturbed the American colonies? 

35. What part did the Indians take in those wars? 

36. What was the cause of the Pequot war ? How did it 

terminate ? 

37. In 1741, what caused great excitement in New York 

city? 

38. What colonies composed the United Colonies of New 

England ? 

39. How were these colonies governed ? 

40. From what was derived the appellation Charter Oak ? 

41. When and where were Harvard and Yale colleges 

founded ? 

42. What was the cause and result of the New England 

witchcraft? 



Teachers' Question Book. 27 

43. Who was William Kidcl ? 

44. When, and by whom, was the first newspaper started 

in America ? 

45. Who were the first partial explorers of the Mississippi 

river and its branches ? 

46. Who were La Salle and Father Hennepin ? 

47. W T hen, and where, was the first permanent settlement 

made in the Mississippi river valley ? 

48. Who was John Eliot? 

49. Who was William Penn ? 

50. Which of the colonies was free from Indian warfare ? 

51. What was the cause of the French and Indian war ? 

Who were the parties engaged in it ? 

52. Where was the disputed territory ? 

53. Who was sent to request the French to withdraw from 

the territory on the Ohio ? 

54. What was the result of Washington's endeavors to 

compel the French to abandon the Ohio ? 

55. How were Col. Washington and his soldiers rewarded 

by the Legislature of Virginia? 

56. After Washington's retreat, what general was sent in 

his place against the French? 

57. What was the result of Gen. Braddock's expedition? 

58. Who was the only mounted officer saved in this ex- 

pedition ? 

59. At what other points besides the Ohio did the Colonies 

attack the French? 
In the French and Indian war, what was the most 
remarkable battle? 

61. Who were the commanders at the battle of Quebec? 

62. What was the treaty of peace between France and 

England? 



28 Teachers' Question Book. 

63. What were the chief causes which led to the American 

Revolution? 

64. What was the Stamp Act, and when passed? 

65. Who was Patrick Henry? 

66. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, what attempt was 

made to tax the Colonies? 

67. What occurred in Boston in relation to the tea tax? 

68. What was the Boston Port Bill? 

69. When and where did the first general Congress of the 

Colonies assemble? 

70. Who had command of the British army at the com- 

mencement of the Revolution? 

71. When and where was the first battle fought? 

72. When and where was fought the battle of Bunker 

Hill? 

73. Who were the commanders in this battle? what was 

the force of each army, and the loss ? 

74. What American general was killed in this battle ? 

75. When did Gen. Washington take command of the 

American army, and how large was the force ? 

76. What two forts were captured by the Americans in 

May, 1775? 

77. To whom did these forts surrender ? 

78. What did Allen say when asked by what authority 

he demanded the surrender of Ticonderoga? 

79. What was the result of the American attack on 

Canada? 

80. When did the second Continental Congress assemble? 

When was it again convened? 

81. Who introduced measures into Congress that these 

United Colonies are, and of a right ought to be, 
free and independent states? 



Teachers' Question Book. 29 

82. Who were appointed to draw up a declaration of 

rights ? 

83. When was the Declaration of Independence accepted 

by Congress? 

84. What did this declaration declare? 

85. When were these articles signed, and by how many 

persons ? 

86. What became necessary after this declaration? 

87. What were these articles called, and when were they 

to take effect? 

88. Were they ratified by the Colonies immediately ? 

89. Which state was the last to give her consent? 

90. Why were the articles of confederation not adapted 

to the general wants of the government? 

91. When was fought the battle of Long Island, and with 

what result? 

92. In the retreat of Washington, through what places 

did he pass? 

93. When was fought the battle of White Plains, and who 

was victorious? 

94. What daring exploit was made by Washington near 

the close of the year 1776? 

95. What battle soon followed Washington's success at 

Trenton ? 

96. When was fought the battle of Brandywine, and who 

was victorious? 

97. When did Philadelphia surrender to the British? 

98. Where did Washington attack the British soon after 

his retreat from Philadelphia, and with what 
res alt?. 

99. What was one of the most daring and remarkable ex- 

ploits during the war, and how accomplished? 



30 Teachers' Question Book. 

100. What was the chief object of taking Gen. Prescott? 

101. Who invaded the United States from Canada? 

102. Who commanded the northern division of the 

American army? Who the British? 

103. What battles were fought by Gates and Burgoyne ? 

Who were victorious ? 

104. When, where, and to whom did Burgoyne surrender ? 

105. What was the agreement in the surrender? 

106. Who were appointed by Congress to solicit aid from 

the French government ? 

107. When and where was a treaty of alliance formed ? 

108. What assistance was sent by France ? 

109. How long did the British hold Philadelphia ? 

110. Where did Congress assemble while the British held 

Philadelphia ? 

111. When and where was fought the battle of Mon- 

mouth, and who was victorious ? 

112. Who had command of the American forces in the 

South in 1779 ? Who the British ? 

113. At this time where were Washington and Clinton? 

114. What important posts on the Hudson were surrend- 

ered to the Americans in 1779 ? 

115. How were these posts taken, and by whom? 

116. What was the result of the attack on Savannah in the 

fall of 1779? 

117. In the siege of Savannah, what nobleman was mor- 

tally wounded? 

118. Who was Paul Jones? 

119. In 1780 where were the military operations mostly 

carried on? 

120. What was the result of the siege of Charleston? 



Teachers' Question Book. 31 

121. Who succeeded Lincoln in the command of the south- 

ern forces ; and who had command of the British ? 

122. When did the massacre of Wyoming occur; and 

who directed it? 

123. What massacre was perpetrated by Col. Tarleton 

and a body of British ? 

124. When and where was the battle of Camden, who 

commanded, and who were victorious ? 

125. Who received command of the southern army after 

the unsuccessful operation of Gen. Gates? 

126. What fleet came to assist the Americans in July, 

1780? 

127. Who was Benedict Arnold? 

128. Who was Maj. Andre? 

129. What were the names of the captors of Andre ; and 

how were the}?' rewarded by Congress ? 

130. What became of Arnold and Andre ? 

131. When and where was fought the battle of Cowpens ; 

and who were victorious ? 

132. What successful operation under Gen. Greene in 

September 1781? 

133. W T hat event brought the war to a close? 

134. When and to whom did Cornwallis surrender? 

135. When and where was the treaty of peace signed? 

and who were the commissioners who signed it ? 

136. When was peace proclaimed to the American army ? 

137. When and where did Washington resign his mili- 

tary commission? 

138. When was the national flag adopted ? Describe it, 
139. 1 1 What noted persons from foreign powers gave their 

assistance to the Americans ? 



32 Teachers' Question Book. 

140. Name the thirteen colonies ? 

141. When was the Constitution adopted? 

142. After the adoption of the Constitution, where did 

Congress first meet ? 

143. When did the city of Washington become the Cap- 

itol of the United States ? 

144. How were the early settlers of Ohio annoyed ? 

145. By whom were the Indians subdued ? 

146. Who routed the Indians in Indiana in 1811? 

147. Who w T as Aaron Burr? Alexander Hamilton? 

148. What was the cause of the war with Tripoli ? When 

did it occur ? 

149. How was Thomas Jefferson elected President? 

150. When was the second war with Great Britain? What 

caused this war? Under whose administration? 

151. Where were the first engagements of this war? 

152. What were some of the most important naval victor- 

ies for the Americans in 1812? 

153. Where were the American armies located in 1813? 

154. What important naval victory on Lake Erie ? 

155. What were the principal naval victories in 1813 ? 

156. What were the important British naval victories in 

1813? 

157. When was fought the battle of Lundy's Lane? 

158. What was the result of the British attack on Wash- 

ington ? 

159. Where was the last attempt made by the British to 

overcome the Americans in this war? 

160. What important affair occurred during the adminis- 

tration of Jackson? 

161. What occurred of note during the administration of 

Van Buren? 



Teachers' Question Book. 33 

162. What was the " Dorr Rebellion?" 

163. When, and under whose administration , was the war 

with Mexico? 

164. What was the cause of this war ? 

165. Who had command of the American army? 

166. What was the treaty of peace between the United 

States and Mexico ? 

167. When was Texas admitted into the Union ? 

168. How did the United States obtain Florida? 

169. How was that tract of country formerly called Loui- 

siana obtained? 

170. What tract of country was called Louisiana ? 

171. What dispute arose in regard to Vermont, and how 

was it settled? 

172. What was the Missouri Compromise Bill ? 

173. What was the Kansas Nebraska Bill? 

174. What were the causes which led to the Civil War ? 

175. What state first passed an .ordinance of secession, 

and when ? 

176. What other states followed this example ? 

177. What government was formed by these states ? Who 

was elected president, and when inaugurated ? 

178. What event signalized the commencement of war ? 

179. What was the result of this bombardment? 

180. Where was the first blood shed in this war ? 

181. When was fought the battle of Bull Run, and with 

what result ? 

182. By whom was McDowell superceded? 

183. In what other battles in northern Virginia, during 

1861, were the Confederates successful ? 

184. When and where was Gen. Lyons killed ? 



34 Teachers' Question Book. 

185. Who were James M. Mason and John Slidell ? 

186. What successes had the Union forces early in 1862 ? 

187. When was fought the battle of Shiloh; and who 

commanded ? 

188. What vessels were sunk by the Merrimac? 

189. • What was the result of the engagement between the 

Merrimac and the Monitor ? When was it ? 

190. When was the battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas, and 

who commanded? 

191. Where is Island No. 10? When, and by whom was 

it captured? 

192. When, and to whom did New Orleans surrender? 

193. What success did McClellan have on his approach 

to Richmond? 

194. When McClellan was changing his position, after his 

retreat to the James River, what desperate fight- 
ing occurred? 

195. What did Lee attempt to do, and how far did he 

succeed ? 

196. What battles were fought after Lee entered Maryland ? 

197. Who commanded at the battle of Antietam ? What 

was the result? 

198. Who superceded Gen. McClellan ? 

199. What was the result of Burnsides' attempt to take 

Richmond ? 

200. By whom was Gen. Burnsides superceded? 

201. When was fought the battle of Murfreesboro ? Who 

were victorious? 

202. In what great battle was Rosecranz defeated by Gen. 

Bragg ? 

203. When was the battle of Lookout Mountain? 

204. When was the Emancipation Proclamation issued ? 



Teachers' Question Book. 35 

205. What was the result of Hooker's attempt to take 

Richmond ? 

206. Where was Gen. " Stonewall " Jackson killed ? 

207. After the battle of Chancellorsville, what did Lee do ? 

208. How was his progress arrested ? 

209. When, and to whom did Vicksburg surrender ? 

210. When, and to whom did Port Hudson surrender? 

211. Was Gen. Banks successful in his expedition up the 

Red River? 

212. When was Gen. Grant appointed Lieutenant-General 

of the Union forces? 

213. In May 1864, what two great armies were put in 

motion? 

214. At the time of Grant's move towards Richmond, who 

commanded the Rebel forces, and what battles 
were fought? 

215. What success had Gen. Sherman in Georgia ? 

216. After the surrender of Atlanta, what famous march 

was made by Sherman's army? 

217. What raids were made by Gen. Early ? 

218. What was secured by these expeditions ? 

219. In what battles was Gen. Sheridan successful ? 

220. What brilliant naval victory did Admiral Farragut 

achieve ? 

221. When, where, and with what result, was the encoun- 

ter between the Kearsarge and the Alabama ? 

222. When, and to whom did Fort Fisher surrender ? 

223. When were Petersburg and Richmond evacuated by 

the rebels? 

224. When, and to whom did Lee and Johnson surrender? 

225. How long did the war last ? 



36 Teachers' Question Book. 

226. When was Jefferson Davis captured, and how? 

What became of him ? 

227. How was slavery abolished in the United States ? 

228. How was Alaska acquired ? 

229. When was the Pacific railroad completed? 

230. When, where, and by whom, were each of the states 

settled, and when admitted as a state ? 

231. Name the presidents in their order. How long in 

office ? Who died in office ? 

232. When, and by whom was Lincoln assassinated? 



QUESTIONS OX GEOGEAPHY. 

1. How many kinds of geography? Define each. 

2. What is the shape of the earth? 

3. How much greater is the diameter at the equator than 

the diameter at the poles? 

4. What is the axis of the earth? What are the poles? 

5. How many revolutions has the earth ? Define each. 

6. What causes the seasons ? , 

7. What causes day and night ? 

8. What is the earth's orbit? Its estimated length? 

9. How great is the earth's annual motion ? 

10. What is a compass V Its cardinal points ? 

11. Into how many circles is the earth divided? What 

are they? 

12. Howls every circle divided ? 

13. What is a map ? 



Teachers' Question Book. $7 

14. What are the^lines, or circles, on a map? 

15. What is the equator? 

16. What is a meridian circle ? A meridian ? 

17. What is longitude ? 

18. What is the greatest longitude a place can have ? 

19. What is the length of a degree of longitude ? 

20. What is latitude ? How many kinds ? 

21. What is the highest degree of latitude? 

22. What is the length of a degree of latitude ? 

23. What are the tropic circles ? What distance from the 

equator ? 

24. What are the polar circles ? How situated ? 

25. What are zones ? How many? Their width? Where 

situated ? 

26. How many seasons has each of the zones ? 

27. When it is summer in north latitude, what season is 

it in south latitude ? 

28. What arc the natural divisions of land? Describe 

each. 

29. What arc the natural divisions of water ? Describe 

each. 

30. What is a firth, or estuary ? 

31. What is an archipelago? 

32. What is a delta? 

33. What is a road,' or roadstead ? 

34. What is the valley, or basin of a river ? 

35. What is an oasis ? 

36. How many kinds of government? Describe each. 

37. What are the political divisions of the earth ? 

38. What is an empire ? A kingdom ? A republic ? A 

state ? A county ? 

39. How many distinct races of men ? 



38 Teachers' Question Book. 

40. Into how many divisions is mankind divided, in re- 

gard to social condition ? 

41. How many prevailing systems of religion? 

42. How many distinct languages ? 

43. What language is spoken by the greatest number of 

people? Which the most widely spread? 

44. What are the chief branches of industry ? 

45. Which countries are most noted for manufactures? 

Which for commerce ? Which for agriculture ? 

46. Which are the grand divisions of the earth ? 

47. What is the height of the loftiest mountain in the 

world? In Africa? In Europe? In North Amer- 
ica ? In South America ? In Mexico ? In Ocean- 
ica? 

48. How many states in the Union ? How divided ? Name 

the territories. 

49. Locate the capitols of each state. 

50. What countries are crossed by the Arctic Circle ? The 

Tropic of Cancer, the Equator, and the Tropic of 
Capricorn ? 

51. Which are the most noted volcanoes in the world? 

52. What is the latitude and longitude of Milwaukee; 

and through which states does its meridian and 
its parallel run ? 

53. Name the principal exports and imports of the United 

States. 

54. What countries border on the Mediterranean Sea? 

55. What countries in South America border on the Pa- 

cific Ocean? 

56. What point on the earth's surface has neither latitude 

nor longitude ? 

57. What powerful nations inhabit islands ? 



Teachers' Question Book. 39 

58. Which is the largest state in the Union ? Which the 

smallest ? Which the most populous ? 

59. What states are separated by the Mississippi River ? 

60. What is the latitude and longitude of the north pole ? 

61. How long is a day at the poles? 

62. Which way does a shadow point at noon, projected 

by the sun, at Cape Good Hope ? 

63. What are the principal exports of the various coun- 

tries ? 

64. What is the extent in square miles of each of the con- 

tinents and their grand divisions ? 

65. What is the extent in square miles of each of the 

oceans? 

66. Name and locate the chief seas of the earth. 

67. Name and locate the chief islands of North America. 

68. Of South America. 

69. Of Europe. 

70. Of Asia, 

71. Of Africa. 

72. Of Oceanica. 

73. Name and locate the chief lakes of the world. 

74. Rivers of the world. 

75. Gulfs and bays of the world. 

76. Straits of the world. 

77. Channels of the world. 

78. Sounds of the world. 

79. Name and locate the chief capes of North America. 

80. Of South America. 

81. Of Europe. 

82. Of Asia. 

83. Of Africa, 

84. Of Australia. 



40 Teachers' Question Book. 

85. Name and locate the chief peninsulas of the world. 

86. Isthmuses of the world. 

87. Ranges of mountains of the world. 

88. Sea-ports of the world. 

89. Inland cities of the world. 



QUESTIONS O^ PHYSICAL 

aEOaEAPHY. 

1. What is Physical Geography? 

2. What are some of the proofs of the rotundity of the 

earth ? 

3. What conclusively proves the annual revolution of the 

earth ? 

4. What is the ecliptic, and why is it so called ? 

5. Of what does geology treat ? 

6. How are rocks classified ? 

7. Into what classes are islands divided "\ 

8. What are continental islands ? What are pelegic ? 

9. How are solitary islands generally formed ? 

10. How are coral islands formed ? 

11. What are the classes of coralline formation? 

12. Describe the lagoon-islands, or atolls. Encircling- 

reefs. Barrier-reefs. Fringing-reefs. 

13. What is a lagoon ? 

14. Into how many classes are mountains divided ? 

15. What is a mountain system ? 

16. How many systems in America ? 

17. What is a longitudinal valley ? A transverse valley ? 



Teachers' Question Book. 41 

18. What is a plateau, or table-land? 

19. .Describe the plateau of North America. How may 

this region be divided ? 

20. How may the plateaus of South America be divided ? 

21. Describe the plateau of the Andes. 

22. Into what divisions are the plateaus of Asia divided ? 

23. What does the central table-land of Asia embrace ? 

24. What table-lands does Southern Asia embrace ? 

25. What are the known table-lands of Africa ? 

26. Describe the principal plateau in Europe ? 

27. What is a plain ? 

28. Where is the great plain of North America? 

29. What does the great plain of South America comprise ? 

How is it divided ? 

30. What are the llanos, salves, pampas, and wastes? 

31. What is the boundary of the great plain of the Eastern 

Continent ? 

32. What are steppes, heaths, landes, and where found? 

33. What are some of the chief points in the physical 

geography of Siberia ? 

34. What are the principal known plains of Africa ? 

35. Describe the Desert of Sahara. 

36. Of what is the interior of Australia supposed to con- 

sist? 

37. How are volcanic mountains classified? 

38. What are intermittent volcanoes ? 

39. Into what two classes are volcanoes divided ? 

40. What is the central ? The lineal ? 

41. Where are volcanoes most numerous? 

42. What are the Geysers, and where are they found ? 

43. What are earthquakes, and where confined ? 

44. What are the movements of earthquakes? 

45. Of what does Hydrography treat ? 



42 Teachers' Question Book. 

46. What are springs, and how may they be classified ? 

47. What are perennial springs ? Intermittent ? Period- 

ical? 

48. What is the basin of a river ? 

49. Wh3& is a water -shed? 

50. Into what classes are rivers divided ? Describe each 

class. 

51. Into what divisions may the United States be divided, 

with reference to its drainage ? 

52. How are lakes divided ? Describe each class. 

53. What is the color of the ocean ? 

54. Why does the water of the ocean contain more salt at 

the equator and at the poles than in other parts ? 

55. What are the three distinct movements of the ocean ? 

56. What are tides ? Neap tides ? Spring tides ? 

57. What are the chief causes of the tides ? 

58. What are ocean currents, and how are they caused ? 

59. How are ocean currents divided? 

60. Describe the Gulf Stream. 

61. What is a counter current? 

62. Of what does Meteorology treat? 

63. What is temperature? 

64. On what does the temperature of a place depend ? 

65. What is wind ? 

66. How are winds classified ? Describe each class ? 

67. What are trade winds, and how caused ? 

68. What are land and sea breezes ? Monsoons ? Etesian 

winds ? Northers of Texas and Mexico ? 

69. What are the most noted hot winds, and where do 

they prevail? 

70. What are the most noted cold winds, and where do 

they prevail ? 



Teachers' Question Book. 43 

71. What are whirlwinds ? 

72. How are the tropical storms variously named ? 

73. Where are the three principal hurricane regions? 

What motion has the wind ? 

74. What are water-spouts ? 

75. What is dew, hoar-frost, fogs, clouds, rain, hail, and 

snow '? 

76. Into what classes are clouds divided? Describe each 

class. 

77. How may the surface of the earth be divided, in refer- 

ence to the quantity of rain that falls ? 

78. What are glaciers ? Icebergs ? 

79. What are avalanches? 

80. What is climate? 

81. What circumstances affect the climate of a place ? 

82. What are isothermal lines ? 

83. Into how many zones of climate may the surface of 

the earth be divided by the isothermal lines ? 

84. What is organic life ? 

85. Under what three divisions is this department consid - 

ered ? Describe each department . 

86. Into what two great classes are vegetable forms di- 

vided ? 

87. What plants are flowerless ? 

88. How are flowering plants divided ? 

89. What are the principal food-plants of the torrid and 

hot zones ? 

90. What are the principal food-plants of the warm and 

temperate zones? 

91. Into what chief classes are animals divided ? 

92. How are the mammalia divided ? 



44 Teachers' Question Book. 



QUESTIONS O^T PHYSIOLOGY. 

1. Do all animal beings change ? 

2. What is the difference between food and living flesh V 

3. What organs constitute the digestive apparatus ? 

4. How many teeth has man, and how divided? 

5. What are the salivary glands, and where are they sit- 

uated ? What is their function ? 

6. Describe the pharynx. 

7. What is the epiglottis ? 

8. Describe the oesophagus. 

9. How does food find its way to the stomach ? 

10. Describe the stomach. 

11. Describe the process of digestion in the stomach. 

12. What is hunger ? 

13. What is the relative position of the stomach, lungs, 

liver, and diaphragm? 

14. To what substance is all food reduced in the stomach ? 

15. Does the stomach digest fatty articles of food ? 

16. What is the temperature of the stomach ? 

17. Can food be digested artificially ? 

18. What is the pyloric valve ? 

19. Into what organ does the chyme pass from the stomach? 

20. Describe the intestinal canal. 

21. What is the pancreas ? Its office ? 

22. What are the lacteal absorbents ? 

23. What is the lacteal duct ? 

24. What is called the lacteal system ? 

25. What is chyle? 

26. What is the office of the liver? Where is the bile 

emptied ? 



Teachers 1 Question Book. 45 

27. Where is the spleen ? Its office ? 

28. Why do growing persons, or convalescents require more 

food than adults or persons in health ? 

29. What is the common error in regard to eating ? 

30. When any organ of the body is in action, what changes 

occur? 

31. What is fatigue? Rest? 

32. What are the differences in the temperament of men ? 

33. What becomes of the chyle? 

34. What is the apparatus of the circulation of the blood? 

35. Describe the heart. 

36. How many sets of bloodvessels ? Describe each. 

37. What is the difference between the pulmonary and 

systemic circulation ? 

38. Give the circulation of the blood. 

39. What is the aorta ? The carotids ? The subclavians ? 

40. What arteries supply the stomach with blood ? What 

the liver ? The kidneys, the spleen, the intestinal 
canal, and the heart ? 

41. What is the vena cava? What are the names of the 

larger branches of the vena cavas ? 

42. How does the blood pass through the heart ? 

43. How do the pulmonary arteries and the pulmonary 

veins differ? 

44. What prevents the blood in the veins from flowing 

backwards ? 

45. How does arterial blood differ from venous ? 

46. What action has the lungs upon the blood ? 

47. What causes the blood to circulate in the veins ? 

48. Where is the living flesh made ? 

49. How are the wasted particles of the blood disposed oi ? 

50. Describe the lungs. 



46 Teachers' Question Book. 

51. Describe the spine. Sternum. Ribs. 

52. Describe the skull. 

53. What are the bones of the arm and forearm ? Of the 

wrist ? Of the hands ? 

54. Name the bones of the lower extremities. 

55. Where is the clavicle ? Scapula ? 

56. How many different kinds of joints? How are bones 

held together ? 

57. What peculiarity about the joints of the neck ? 

58. How is the femur joined to the pelvis? 

59. What is the pelvis ? Of how many bones composed ? 

60. What peculiarity about the elbow and wrist joints ? 

61. How many bones in the human body? 

62. Of what is a bone made ? What is its structure ? 

63. Where are the synovial membranes situated, and what 

is their function ? 

64. When is a joint said to be sprained ? 

65. What is a muscle ? Their use ? 

66. How many muscles ? 

67. How are the muscles under the control of the will? 

68. Is the heart a muscle ? Voluntary or organic ? 

69. How do we breathe ? 

70. What is inspiration and expiration ? 

71. What is the organ of voice? 

72. How is voice produced ? 

73. What is coughing ? Sneezing ? 

74. What is the effect of breathing the same air several 

times ? 

75. In how many ways is the air unfit for respiration ? 

76. How much fresh air ought to be supplied to each per- 

son per minute ? 

77. How much air will the lungs hold ? 



Teachers' Question Book. 47 

78. What effect has an ill-ventilated schoolroom upon 

children ? 

79. What is the average number of respirations per min- 

ute? 

80. What is the temperature of the human body ? 

81. What is the origin of heat in living bodies? 

82. Why is more fat required for food in a cold climate 

than in a warm ? 

83. What prevents an increase of temperature in the body ? 

84. What is the difference between sensible and insensible 

perspiration ? 

85. Describe the skin. 

86. Describe the hair. 

87. Describe the nails. 

88. Where is the seat of color in the skin ? 

89. What proportion of the waste of the body passes 

through the skin ? 

90. What connection exists between the internal organs 

and the skin ? 

91. What is the office of the skin? 

92. .Name those organs which carry off waste matter from 

the body. 

93. Name the organs which bring fresh material to the 

body. 

94. Of what does the nervous system consist? 

95. Describe the general outlines of the brain ? 

96. What large nervous trunks have their origin in the 

brain ? 

97. What is the spinal cord, and its position ? 

98. How many kinds of nerves? 

99. What three things are necessary for sensation ? 

100. Is the action of the different organs modified by the 

nerves ? 



48 Teachers' Question Book. 

101. Do the arteries have nerves V 

102. If the nerve which governs the action of the heart 

should be severed, what would the heart do ? 

103. Describe the eye. 

104. What is the sclerotic coat ? Cornea ? Choroid coat ? 

105. Where is the retina ? Its office ? 

106. Where is the iris ? Its office ? 

107. How does the eye change as one grows old? 

108. What is the difference between a short-sighted man 

and one who is long-sighted? 

109. Where is the fluid prepared that moistens the eye ? 

110. What is the nasal dnct? 

111. What is the conjunctiva? 

112. Why are some persons cross-eyed? 

113. What does the organ of hearing include? 

114. Describe the external ear. 

115. Describe the internal ear. 

116. What is the eustachian tube ? 

117. How is sound produced? 



QUESTIONS ON CIVIL GOV- 
EE^ME^T. 

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1. What is a preamble? 

2. What are legislative powers, and in what are they 

vested ? 

3. What is Congress ? 

4. What is the Senate ? House of Representatives ? 



Teachers' Question Book. 49 

5. How are senators and representatives elected, and for 

how long a term of office ? 

6. How old must a representative be, and how long a 

citizen of the United States ? 

7. How are representatives proportioned among the 

states ? 

8. What is census ? How often taken ? 

9. If vacancies happen in the representation of any 

state, how is that vacancy filled ? 

10. What officers does the House of Representatives 

choose ? 

11. Into how many classes are the senators divided? 

12. Who is president of the Senate? Can he vote? 

13. Should a vacancy occur what is to be done ? 

14. How old must a senator be, and how long a citizen of 

the United States ? 

15. Who becomes president of the Senate when the vice- 

president is absent ? 

16. How may the president be punished for crimes in 

office? 

17. Who appoints the times, places and manner of hold- 

ing elections of senators and representatives ? Are 
there exceptions? 

18. If disputes arise in election returns, how are they to 

be decided? 

19. How many does it require to do business ? What 

may a smaller number do ? 

20. Can either House adjourn at pleasure? 

21. Shall each House keep a journal of its proceedings? 

22. When shall the yeas and noes be entered on the 

journal? 

23. When shall Congress assemble ? Can it assemble at 

any other time ? 



50 Teachers' Question Book. 

24. How do the members receive compensation ? 

25. Can a member be arrested while Congress is in session? 

26. Can any person hold an office under the United States, 

and be a member of Congress ? 

27. Where shall bills for raising revenue originate? What 

is revenue ? 

28. When does a bill become a law ? 

29. What question does not require the sanction of the 

president ? 

30. What are the powers of Congress ? 

31. What are duties, imports, and excises ? 

32. What is the writ of habeas corpus f When can it be 

suspended ? 

33. What is a bill of attainder ? Is it allowed ? 

34. What is an ex post facto law ? 

35. How is money drawn from the treasury ? 

36. Can any state enter into any treaty, alliance, or con- 

federation ? 

37. For what use are the duties and imports ? 

38. Can a state engage in war ? 

39. In whom is the executive power of the United States 

vested ? 

40. Who are eligible to this office, and how elected ? 

41. Must the vice-president be a native of the United 

States ? 

42. Who is commander-in-chief of the army and navy? 

43. What offence is he not permitted to pardon ? 

44. Does he have a right to make treaties, appoint em- 

bassadors, judges of the. Supreme Court, and offi- 
cers of the United States ? 

45. If a vacancy occur during a recess of Congress, how 

is it filled? 



Teachers' Question Book. 51 

46. What is the president's message ? 

47. For what crimes can the president, vice-president, 

and all civil officers of the United States, be im- 
peached ? 

48. In what is the judicial power of the United States 

vested ? 

49. How long do the judges of the Supreme Court hold 

office? To what cases does their power extend? 

50. Where shall a criminal be tried ? 

51. What crimes are not tried by jury ? 

52. What is treason? What power declares its punish- 

ment ? 

53. Can a person charged with crime be taken from 

another state ? 

54. How are new states admitted into the Union ? 

55. How can new states be formed ? 

56. What shall the United States guarantee te every state 

in the Union ? 

57. How may the Constitution be amended ? 

58. What is the supreme law of the land? Who are 

bound by oath to support it ? 

59. How many signers were there to the Constitution 

originally ? 

60. How many amendments to the Constitution ? When 

were the first ten adopted? 

61. What is the last amendment ? 



CONSTITUTION OP WISCONSIN. 

1. What is the Declaration of Eights ? 

2. What right has every man in regard to speech ? Is 

he liable for the abuse of this right ? 



52 Teachers' Question Book. 

3. Have the people a right to assemble at any time they 

choose ? 

4. What right shall remain inviolate ? 

5. Can excessive bail be required, excessive fines be im- 

posed, or cruel or unusual punishments be in- 
flicted? 

6. What right has the accused in all criminal prose- 

cutions ? 

7. Can a person be twice put in jeopardy for the same 

offence ? 

8. What is martial law ? When permitted ? 

9. What is treason against the State ? 

10. How is a person convicted of treason ? 

11. Are the people secure against unreasonable search or 

seizure ? 

12. Can anything be allowed in the State that is forbidden 

in the Constitution of the United States ? 

13. If a person is a member of Congress, or is holding 

any position under the United States, is he eligible 
to a seat in the Legislature ? 

14. If a vacancy occur in either House, how is it filled? 

15. What is meant by the term allodial in relation to 

lands ? 

16. What are feudal tenures ? Are they allowed? 

17. Can any person be imprisoned for a debt? What 

privileges has a debtor? 

18. What right shall never be infringed, in regard to 

religion ? 

19. Has the State any right to interfere with, or help any 

religious organization ? 

20. Is any religious test required as a test of qualification 

for any office of public trust ? 



Teachers' Question Book. 53 

21. What is a writ of error f Is it prohibited ? 

22. Who have the right of suffrage ? 

23. How and when are votes cast ? 

24. Does a person lose his residence if he is absent on 

business for the State or the United States? 

25. Who may be excluded from the right of suffrage ? 

26. What is the Legislature? 

27. In what is the legislative power vested? 

28. To how many members is each branch of the Legis- 

lature entitled ? 

29. What number has the Legislature now ? 

30. Who are eligible to the Legislature, and how are the 

members chosen? 

31. Can a member be expelled a second time for the same 

offence ? 

32. Who is president of the Senate ? 

33. What officers does each House elect ? 

34. When and where does the Legislature meet? 

35. Can either House adjourn at pleasure ? 

36. Can the Legislature pass laws that conflict with the 

Constitution ? 

37. What privileges have members of the Legislature ? 

38. How shall all laws of the State be prefaced ? 

39. Where may a bill originate ? 

40. When shall the yeas or nays of the members of either 

House, on any question, be entered on the journal? 

41. What does each member receive for his services? 

42. What power establishes town and county government ? 

43. Does the Legislature authorize any lottery, or grant 

any divorce? 

44. What is the law respecting stationery and printing? 



54 Teachers' Question Book. 

45. What shall the Legislature direct respecting suits 

brought against the state ? 

46. What officers are required to take an oath or affirma- 

tion and subscribe to it ? What is the form of the 
oath? 

47. In whom is the executive power vested, and for how 

long a term of office ? 

48. In what manner shall a governor and lieutenant- 

governor be elected ? 

49. If no governor is chosen, how is one elected ? 

50. Who is commander-in-chief of the military forces of 

the state? 

51. W T hat are some of the powers of the governor? 

52. How much is the salary of the governor and the lieu- 

tenant-governor ? 

53. What must a governor do when he has granted a par- 

don, commutation, or a reprieve ? 

54. When the governor's seat is vacated, who shall occupy 

the chair ? 

55. If both governor and lieutenant-governor are unable 

to fill that office, who shall be governor ? 

56. When does a bill become a law? 

57. What state officers are chosen for two years ? 

58. What county officers are chosen for two years ? 

59. Is the sheriff eligible to a second term of office, and 

is the county responsible for his acts ? 

60. How may the governor be impeached ? 

61. In what is the judicial power of the state vested? 

62. In the Supreme Court is there a trial by jury ? 

63. How are vacancies filled in the Supreme or Circuit 

Courts ? 

64. Which is the highest court in the state ? How long 

do the judges hold their seats? 



Teachers' Question Book. 55 

65. What is the Circuit Court ? How long do the judges 

hold their seats ? 

66. What are Courts of Probate ? Term of office of the 

judges ? 

67. What are justices of the peace ? Their term of office ? 

68. What shall be the style of all writs and processes ? 

69. What shall be the rule of taxation ? 

70. For what tax shall the Legislature provide ? 

71. For what purpose may the state contract public 

debts ? In what cases forbidden ? 

72. What shall be common highways for vessels of the 

United States ? 

73. In whom shall the supervision of public instruction 

be vested, and how elected ? 

74. How are district schools established ? and how sup- 

ported ? Are they free ? 

75. How many months school must a district have every 

year to obtain public money ? 

76. How may the Constitution be amended ? 

77. When does the political year of the State of Wiscon- 

sin commence ? 

78. What is the penalty for engaging in a duel V 

79. How many Representatives in Congress is the State 

entitled to? 

80. How many amendments to the Constitution are there ? 




ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS OT$ 
OETHOaEAPHY. 

1. It treats of correct spelling and the forms of letters. 

2. By the action of the breath on the larynx. 

3. Those produced by the teeth are called dentals; those 

by the tongue, Unguals; those by the palate, pal- 
atals; those by the lips, labials. 

4. Forty-three; and are divided into tonics, subtonics 

and atonies. 

5. Tonics are pure tones; subtonics are tones modified 

by the organs of speech; atonies are breathings 
modified by the organs of speech. The tonics are 
the sounds of the vowels; the subtonics are the 
sounds of b, d, g,j, I, m, n, ng, r, th, v, w, y, z; the 
atonies are the sounds of /, h, k, p, s, t, th, ch, sh, wh. 

6. Vowels are letters that denote pure tones; consonants 

are letters that cannot be fully uttered without 
the aid of a vowel sound. 

7. Into mutes and semi-vowels. The mutes are b, p, d, 

t, k, q, c and g hard; and have no sound of their 
own without the aid of a vowel. The semi-vowels 
are all consonants except the mutes ; and have 
some sound of their own, being in nature between 
a vowel and a mute. L, m, n, r are sometimes 
called liquids, because of their soft sound, which 
easily unites with the sounds of other letters. 

8. A has six sounds, as in age, at, art, all, care, ask ; e 

has three sounds, as in he, elk, her ; i has two, as 
in ice and ink ; o has three sounds, as in old, on, 
do ; u has three sounds, as in cv.re, bud, Ml. 

9. One sound each. 



Teachers' Question Book. 57 

10. Two sounds each : d, as in sad and missed ; g, as in 

bog and gun ; n, as in note and linger ; /, as in /or 
and of; p, as in pen and clapboard ; r, as in baron 
and farm ; j, as in jibe and hallelujah ; s, as in sin 
and has ; x, as in tax and ecrist ; z, as in zone and 
seizure ; ph, as in phantom and Stephen. 

11. Three each: c, as in cite, cat, suffice; t, as in fake, 

patient, question; ch, as in much, chaise, c/iorus. 

12. Q is always followed by u, and is pronounced like hit; 

ivh is pronounced like hu. 

13. Fj as in of; j, as in hallelujah; p, as in cupboard and 

clapboard. 

14. T, r, j, sh, and v except in sevennight. C, x, and g 

have no sound of their own. 

15. An aspirated consonant. 

16. The harmonising of the sounds of two consonants, as 

in dogs. 

17. Letters whose elements are produced by the same 

organs in a similar maimer, as / and v. 

18. Letters or combination of letters which represent the 

same sound ; as, i is an equivalent of e in pique. 

19. A union of two vowels in the same syllable is called 

a diphthong; a union of three, a triphthong; a 
union of two, when one vowel is silent, is called a 
digraph. 

20. Letters are characters used to represent the sounds of 

the human voice ; a syllable is a letter or combina- 
tion of letters uttered by one emission of the voice ; 
a word is a syllable or combination of syllables 
representing some thought or idea. 

21. Monosyllables, dissyllables, trisyllables and polysyl- 

lables. 

22. A primitive word is one derived from no other word ; 

a derivative is one formed from a primitive by 
means of prefixes and suffixes ; a simple word is 
one that is not compounded ; a compound word is 
one composed of two or more simple ones. 



58 Teachers' Question Book. 

23. A letter or letters joined to the beginning of a word is 

called a prefix ; when added to the end of a word, 
a suffix; and the root is the chief word without 
prefix or suffix. 

24. The omission of one or more elements in a word ; ut- 

tering one or more elements that should not be 
sounded; substituting one element for another. 

25. The names of individuals and places ; all words having 

reference to the Creator ; every line of poetry ; the 
first word after a full pause; the first word of a 
direct quotation; words personified; every title of 
nobility; usually, every word derived from a proper 
name ; important words, or those technically applied 
which would not be sufficiently definite if written 
otherwise ; the chief words in titles or headings, — 
all these should commence with capitals. Titles or 
headings, when emphatic, are sometimes written 
wholly in capitals ; also I and 0. 

26. To attract special attention. • 

27. As consonants, when they precede a vowel heard in 

the same syllable ; as vowels, when they follow i or 
u or have their sound. 

28. Three: oi, ou, and ow. 

29. Ch, sh, th, whj ph, and ng. 

30. B, d, g, h, I, m, n, p, and r. 

31. To modify the sounds of other letters. 

32. The name is what it is called in the alphabet; its 

power is its sound. 

33. A letter pronounced with a full emission of the breath. 

34. Dividing words into syllables. 

35. Vowel sounds, every syllable having one vowel sound. 

36. Between the syllables. 

37. To assist in the pronunciation of words. 

38. Between compound words when first formed or when 

little used; between syllables at the end of lines; 
and between syllables for the purpose of instruction. 

39. Only one sound is given. 



Teachers' Question Book. 59 

A1STSWEKS TO QUESTIONS ON" 
KEADISTG-. 

1 . The enunciation of written language. 

2. The delivery of composition. 

3. Orthoepy and expression. Orthoepy is the art of cor- 

rect pronunciation ; and expression is the manner . 
of delivery. 

4. Articulation, syllabication, and accent. 

5. The distinct utterance of the oral elements. 

6. The sounds that form syllables and words; and are 

produced by the position of the organs of speech 
in connection with the voice and breath. 

7. The force given to one or more syllables of a word. 

8. The primary. 

9. Emphasis, slur, inflection, modulation, monotone, per- 

sonation, and pauses. Emphasis is the force given 
to one or more words of a sentence; slur is that 
smooth, gliding, subdued movement of the voice 
used in parenthetic clauses, words contrasted or 
repeated, and in explanation. 

10. By italics, small capitals, and capitals. 

11. When words and phrases are important in meaning, 

or when they point out a difference; when emphat- 
ic words are repeated, or when a succession of im- 
portant words or phrases occur. 

12. The rising inflection, falling inflection, and circum- 

flex. The rising inflection is an upward turn, or 
slide, of the voice; the falling inflection is a down- 
ward turn, or slide, of the voice; the circumflex is 
the union of the two former inflections, beginning 
with the one, and ending with the other. 

13. The rising inflection is generally used when the sense 

is incomplete; in questions which may be answered 
by yes or no ; when a word or sentence is repeated 
as a kind of interrogatory exclamation ; usually in 



60 Teachers' Question Book. 

negative sentences; and in the last but one of a 
passage. The falling inflection is generally used 
when the sense is complete, when language demands 
strong emphasis, in exclamations, and in questions 
which cannot be answered by yes or no. The cir- 
cumflex is mainly used in the language of irony, 
sarcasm, and contrast. 

14. A sameness of tone. 

15. Modulation is the variation of the voice made in read- 

ing and speaking, and is divided into pitch, force, 
quality, and rate. 

16. Pitch is the degree of elevation of the voice, and is 

divided into high, moderate, and low; force is the 
volume, or loudness of voice, and is divided into 
loud, moderate, and gentle; rate is the speed, and 
is divided into quick, moderate, and slow; quality 
has reference to the kinds of sound uttered, and is 
divided into the pure tone, the oratund, the aspirate, 
the gutteral, and the trembling. 

17. A pure tone is a clear, smooth, flowing sound, with 

moderate pitch ; the oratund is the pure, deep tone 
intensified ; the aspirate is the expulsion of the 
breath, the words being spoken in a whisper ; the 
gutteral is a deep undertone, expressing hatred, con- 
tempt, and loathing ; the trembling is a constant 
waver of the voice, used to express an intense de- 
gree of suppressed excitement, or to represent the 
tones of enfeebled old age. 

18. Changes of the voice necessary to represent two or 

more persons speaking. 

19. Suspensions of the voice in reading or speaking. Gram- 

matical pauses are indicated by the punctuation 
marks. Rhetorical pauses are suspensions of the 
voice which the sense requires when a grammatical 
pause is not admissible. 

20. Prolongation of the voice at the end of a word with- 

out making an actual pause. 

21. Force and rate. 



Teachers' Question Book. 61 

22. Absolute and antithetic. The first is used to desig- 

nate the important words of a sentence without 
reference to the other words ; the latter is founded 
on the contrast of one word or clause with another. 

23. To read slowly, mind the pauses, give the proper in- 

flections, speak plainly, and read as if talking. 

24. Enunciation is the utterance of words; pronunciation, 

the mode of utterance. 

25. The pure tone. 

26. General usage. 

27 . It sometimes changes the falling to the rising inflection. 

28. It is a fall of the voice very similar to the falling in- 

flection. 

29. Prose pays no attention to the melodious arrangement 

of its words, while poetry is written with regard to 
the rhythm and feet of each line. 

30. Something abruptly introduced into a sentence for 

the purpose of modifying, explaining or adding to 
the leading proposition, and should be read in a 
lower tone of voice. 

31. Accent. 

32. A comparison. 



ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS OX 
ENGLISH GEAMMAE, 

1. The science of speaking and writing the English Ian- ' 

guage correctly. 

2. Pronunciation, orthography, etymology, syntax and 

prosody. ' 

3. Pronunciation treats of the sounds of letters and syl- 

lables ; etymology of the different parts of speech, 
their derivation and modification ; syntax of the 
arrangement and relation of words in sentences ; 
prosody of versification, punctuation, figures and 
utterance. 



62 Teachers' Question Book. 

4. The usage of the best authors. 

5. Of sounds, which, combined, form words which rep- 

resent ideas. 

6. Classes of words, differing according to their usage and 

meaning, of which there are ten : nouns, pronouns, 
articles, adjectives, verbs, participles, adverbs, prep- 
ositions, conjunctions and interjections. 

7. Into proper and common nouns ; and the common are 

divided into collective, abstract and verbal nouns. 
A proper noun is the name of an individual, a place, 
or people ; a common noun is the name of a sort, 
kind, or class of things ; a collective noun is the 
name of a collection of individuals, or things ; an 
abstract noun is the name of some quality apart 
from its substance • a participial noun is a parti- 
ciple or infinitive used as a noun. 

8. When it is used to denote a whole class : as, " The 

Washingtons of the world are few." 

9. When personified, or used as a proper name. 

10. Into personal, relative, interrogative and adjective 

pronouns. A personal pronoun is one which dis- 
tinguishes the person by its form ; a relative pro- 
noun is one that relates to an antecedent, and con- 
nects to it a descriptive clause; an interrogative 
pronoun is one with which a question is asked ; an 
adjective pronoun is a common specifying adjective 
used instead of a noun. 

11. The word, phrase or clause which the pronoun rep- 

resents. 

12. No ; it sometimes introduces a sentence, and denotes 

merely the state or condition of things. 

13. It is a personal pronoun, compounded with self in the 

singular, and with selves in the plural. 

14. Who is applied to persons only ; which to persons or 

things ; what is used in place of that which or things 
which, and may denote persons or things. 

15. When preceded by such, many or same, and relates to 



Teachers' Question Book. 63 

the objects thus specified. That is a relative pro- 
noun when it is equivalent to who, whom or which. 

16. Who, which and what, with ever and soever annexed. 

17. A pronoun used in a responsive sense, or used indi- 

rectly as an interrogative ; as," Tell me what truth is." 

18. Into distributive, demonstrative, indefinite and recip- 

rocal. 

19. In speaking of two, either, neither and each other should 

be used; but in speaking of more than two, one 
another. 

20. That should be applied to the more distant, the first 

mentioned or the absent; this, to the nearer, the 
last mentioned or the present. 

21. Gender, person number and case. 

22. By different words, different endings, and by a distin- 

guishing word. 

23. When they refer to a class of the same character, and 

are made plural by adding s if it does not coalesce 
in sound, otherwise es. 

24. The names of substances, actions, states, qualities, 

arts, sciences and diseases, when they refer to the 
kind of thing ; but when different kinds are meant 
they are plural; as, wines, teas, sugars. 

25. When the whole collection is regarded as one thing, 

it is singular, but plural when different collections 
are meant, or when it refers to the individuals 
composing the collection. 

26. Most nouns add s to the singular; but those ending 

in i, 0, u, y, s, x, z, sh and soft ch, add es. 

27. By making plural that part described by the rest; as, 

mouse-traps. 

28. The first three by making plural the title; the last 

by making plural the name. 

29. Most of them retain their foreign plural. 

30. To represent one person. 

31. That property of nouns and pronouns which shows 



64 Teachers' Question Book. 

their relation to other words. They are the nomi- 
native, possessive, objective. 

32. In the nominative when it is the subject of a verb; in 

the objective when it is the object of a verb or 
preposition; and in the possessive when it denotes 
possession. 

33. By adding the apostrophe and s, except when it ends 

in -s, when the apostrophe only is added. 

34. When a verb joins the terms, one is predicated of the 

other ; bnt when no verb joins them, the latter term 
is in apposition with the other; and the terms 
must agree in case; as, "He is president." "Web- 
ster, the orator." 

35. Nominative ivho, possessive whose, objective whom. 

which and what have the same form in the nomina- 
tive and objective, but borrow whose for their pos- 
sessive. That is not declined. 

36. When it is a relative, and equivalent to that which. 

37. A regular arrangement of the grammatical properties 

of a noun or pronoun. 

38. A word used to qualify or limit a noun or pronoun. 

39. Into two chief classes : descriptive and definitive. The 

descriptive describes or qualifies ; the definitive 
specifies or limits. 

40. Into common, proper, numeral, pronominal, particip- 

ial, and compound. The common expresses quali- 
ty ; the proper is derived from a proper name ; the 
numeral expresses number ; the pronominal is an 
adjective sometimes used as a pronoun ; the parti- 
cipial is a participial used as an adjective ; the com- 
pound is a compound word used as an adjective. 

41. Into cardinal, ordinal, multiplicative, and indefinite. 

The cardinal adjectives are one, two, etc.; the ordi- 
nals, first, second, etc.; the multiplicative, single, 
double; the indefinite, few, many, etc. 

42. The variation in the form of adjectives and adverbs to 

denote different degrees of meaning. There are three 
degrees : positive, comparative, and superlative. t 



Teachers' Question Book. 65 

43. Adjectives and adverbs. 

44. Usually by adding less or least. 

45. Usually with adjectives of more than two syllables, or 

those of two syllables that do not end in le or y. 

46. Yes ; although the substantive is not always expressed. 

47. When it is used abstractly, or in place of a noun of 

which it expresses a quality: as, "The briny deep." 
"The good." 

48. A word used to express the act or state of the subject. 

A regular verb is one that forms its past tense by 
adding ed; an irregular verb does not add ed. 

49. The present tense, the past tense, the past participle, 

and perfect participle. 

50. A redundant verb is one that has more than one form 

for its principal parts. A defective verb is wanting 
in some of its principal parts. A finite predicates 
the act or state of its subject. 

51. The infinitives and participles. 

52. It may become intransitive when it is the chief design 

to set forth the act, and leave the object unknown: 
intransitive, she reads, transitive, she reads her 
lesson. An intransitive may become transitive in 
poetical expression in a causitive sense, and in idiom- 
atic expressions : as, to march armies; I laughed 
myself hoarse. 

53. A neuter verb is Qne that does not express action or 

relation. A principal verb expresses the chief act 
or state. An auxiliary verb helps other verbs to 
express their grammatical properties. 

54. Voice, mode, tense, person and number. Voice shows 

whether the subject does or receives the act; mode 
is manner of assertion; tense expresses time; the 
person and number is the form of the verb to agree 
with its subject. 

55. In the active when the subject acts, in the passive 

when it receives the act. 

56. Four : indicative, subjunctive, potential and impera- 



66 Teachers' Question Book. 

tive. Some grammarians add the infinitive mode. 
The indicative indicates or declares a fact; the sub- 
junctive expresses a wish, an uncertainty or a future 
contingency ; the potential expresses power, possi- 
bility, liberty, inclination, duty and necessity ; the 
imperative commands or entreats. 

57. Six in the indicative ; three in the subjunctive, the 

present, past, and past-perfect; the potential, four, 
the present, present-perfect, past and past-perfect; 
the imperative, one, the present tense. 

58. In the indicative mode have is the sign of the present- 

perfect tense; had the sign of the past-perfect; 
shall or ivill is the sign of the future tense ; shall 
have or ivill have is the sign of the future-perfect; 
the present or past tense of a verb is a verb in its 
simplest form, expressing present or past time. 
The signs of the present potential are may, can, 
must; of the present-perfect, may have, can have, 
must have; of the past, might, could, would, shoidd; 
of the past-perfect, might have, could have, would 
have, shoidd have. The three tenses of the subjunc- 
tive mode are the same in form as the indicative, 
except in the singular number of the present and 
past tense, which takes the plural form without 
variation. The imperative has the same form as 
the present indicative. 

59. The different ways in which it can be expressed ; as 

the common form, the emphatic, the progressive, 
the passive, and solemn. 

60. T, st, or est. 

61. The first person is preferred to the second, and the 

second to the third. 

62. A verb having person and number without a subject. 

63. Voice, mode, tense, person, and number. 

64. Be, and its variations, do, did, can, could, have, had, may, 

might, must, shall, should, will, would. Do, be and 
have are sometimes principle verbs. 

65. The form of a verb generally preceded by to, express- 



Teachers' Question Book. 6j 

ing an act or state without predicating it. There 
are two infinitives, the present and perfect. 

66. When the infinitive is combined with an auxiliary 

or after the active verbs, bid, dare, let, make, need, 
see, hear, feel, and sometimes after have, help, please 
and find. 

67. A word derived from a verb, participating in the prop- 

erties of a verb and adjective, and is generally 
formed by adding ing, d, or ed to the verb. There 
are two participles, the present and perfect. 

68. Being, having or having been, combined with some 

other participle. 

69. They do, the same as verbs. 

70. Being expresses the present passive participle ; having 

expresses the perfect active participle ; having been, 
the perfect passive participle. 

71. They have voice, and tense, are annexed to auxiliary 

verbs, they partake of the nature of nouns, adjec- 
tives, and adverbs, and when nouns they assume 
case. A participle may become an adjective, it may 
govern the possessive case, it may become concrete 
and assume number, it may be used after preposi- 
tions ; but an infinitive has none of these attributes. 

72. The regular arrangement of the modes, tenses, persons, 

numbers, and participles of verbs. A synopsis is 
only an outline of its parts through the modes and 
tenses, in a single person and number. 

73. A word used to modify the meaning of a verb, and 

adjective or another adverb. The most of them 
are formed from adjectives by adding ly. 

74. A word used to perform the office of a conjunction and 

adverb at the same time. 

75. Into adverbs of time, place, degree and manner. 

76. An adverb expresses manner, or describes the act; an 

adjective describes the object. 

77. A word used to show the relation between a following 

noun or pronoun and some other word. An adjunct 
is a preposition with its object and modifiers, and 



68 Teachers' Question Book. 

may relate to a substantive, verb, adjective, or 
adverb. 

78. A noun, pronoun, infinitive, participial noun and a 

clause. 

79. A word used to connect words, phrases, or proposi- 

tions, and are divided into copulative and dis- 
junctive. 

80. Analysis is the resolving of the whole into its parts ; 

synthesis is the combining of the parts to form 
the whole. Parsing is the resolving of a sentence 
into its parts, giving their properties and syntax. 

81. The relation of words is their relation or connection 

with one another; agreement is their similarity in 
person, number, gender, case etc.; government is 
the power one word has over another. 

82. A sentence is an assemblage of words making complete 

sense ; a clause is a proposition that makes but part 
of a sentence; a proposition is a subject combined 
with its predicate; a phrase is two or more words, 
but not an entire proposition. 

83. The declaratory expresses a declaration, the interroga- 

tive asks a question, the imperative expresses a 
command or entreaty, 'the exclamatory expresses 
an exclamation. 

84. A simple sentence has but one proposition; a com- 

pound has two or more propositions; a complex 
has one principle clause, with one or more depend- 
ent clauses. 

85. The subject is that of which something is said; the 

predicate is that which denotes what is said of the 
subject. 

86. The grammatical subject and predicate are the gram- 

matical subject and predicate words; the logical 
subject and predicate are these words with all their 
modifiers. 

87. A train of thought expressed in language, and may be 

description, narration, science, or philosophy. 



Teachers' Question Book. 6g 

88. A sentence or combination of sentences, completing a 

train of thought, and distinguished by a new begin- 
ning. 

89. Three relations: the predicate, object, and adverbial 

relation. 

90. Words, phrases, and clauses. 

91. A subject and predicate. 

92. A dependent word, phrase, or clause, used to limit or 

vary the meaning of some other word or expression ; 
and may be an adjective modifier or adverbial. 

93. By an article, adjective, a possessive, an appositive, a 

participle, an infinitive, phrases, and clauses. 

94. By an object, a predicate adjective, an adverb, a parti- 

ciple, an infinitive, phrases, and clauses. 

95. The infinitive takes only the modifiers of a verb ; the 

participle either those of a verb or a noun. 

96. An interjection, an adverb, an independent nominative, 

and sometimes a participle, an infinitive, or a prep- 
ositional phrase. 

97. In the improper arrangement of words, in the use of 

improper words, in the omission of words, and the 
use of unnecessary words. 



PARSING. 



To go is an in.; a, prep. What, rel. pro., obj. of prep. 
about. About, adv.; friend, noun same case as I. 
Adieu, inter] . 

Again and again, adv. phr. All, pro.; but, adv. All, 
noun. All, adv. And, conj.; also, adv. Any, adv.; 
better, adj.; than, conj.; we, pro., nom. c. Such, pro.; 
as, rel. pro.; take heed, in. 

Ay, adv.; so, adv.; let, verb; be, in. The best, adv. phr. 
Every, adj.; best, noun. Tons, noun; burden, noun, 
in apposition with tons. Whence, conj. adv.; but, 
prep. By the by, conj. phr. Cheap, adv. One, adj. 
pro.; each, adj. pro. in apposition with one. 



JO Teachers 1 Question Book. 

4. Me, noun, obj. of prep. to. Even, conj. Long, ad].; fast, 

noun. To fast, in.', long, adv. Have taken, in.; cold, 
noun; taken, in. Poor, adj.; 7", hid. pro.; but, prep. 
i", pro., same case with it. Methinks, an imp. verb. 

5. Stop, verb in the imp. mode; no, adj.; more, noun. Me, 

noun, obj. of a prep, understood. Till, prep.; tomor- 
row, noun. Times, noun, governed by prep, under- 
stood; equal, adj.; father's, pass. noun. Four, noun, 
gov. by the prep, of understood; twelve, noun, an 
appositive of times. When, conj. adv. When, noun. 

6. What, com. rel. pro. obj. of take and send. What, int.- 

pro. What, resp. pro. What, adj. What, interj. 

7. That, conj.; that, adv.; that, rel. pro.; Yesterday, noun, 

governed by prep, understood; that, adj.; ivorth, 
adj.; dollar, noun, gov. by prep. For, prep., governs 
that he is worth; that, adj.; ivorth, noun. To Dr. Pal- 
mer at No. 178 on Pearl St. in Boston in Mass. 

8. Smith and Johnson, nouns, possessive case. Mary, noun 

in apposition with her. Eyes, noun, same case as I; 
also feet used in the same way. Love, noun, obj. c; 
that, rel. pro. Somebody, noun; call, verb in the im. 
mode. 

9. Hark, verb in the im. mode; speak, inf. verb. About, 

prep.; to go, inf. verb; home, noun in the obj. case 
by prep, understood. Sleeping, part, used as an 
adv. Miles, noun, obj. case, by prep, understood; 
wide, adj. Boatman, noun in nom. c; thrice, adv. 
Yes, adv. ind.; so, adv.; of, prep. 

10. He, pro. nom. c. ind.; that, rel. pro.; hath, verb; to him, 

prep, phr.; shall be given, verb with sub. understood. 
With north, miles, and day, s apply the prep, toward, 
over, and during. What, rel. pro. with two cases, 
nom. and obj. His being bloody, an inf. used as a 
noun. Lazy wire, used as a noun, gov. by exclaim- 
ed; very good, n. gov. by replied. Just, adv. modi- 
fying as I approached the house. 

11. Stay, imp. verb ; jailer, noun, nom. c. by direct address. 

Oh, yes, my lord, an ind. element. On, prep. gov. 



Teachers Question Book. 71 

who the commissioners are; who, rel. pro., nom. c; 
commissioners, noun; are, verb. What, rel. pro., obj. 
of to, and sub. of is reasonable. Friends, Romans and 
countrymen, nouns by direct address. Sound and 
very, adjs. Tried, verb ; what, rel. pro. of two cases; 
me, pro. gov. by prep, understood. 
12. Aught, noun; can charm, verb. Calm, adj. Calm, 
noun. To calm, verb inf. The Lord shall judge be- 
tween us, gov. by she said. 



SYNOPSIS OF EXAMPLES LN" 
MENTAL ARITHMETIC. 

1. 50 — ^ of 50 = 25 X .03 =.75. i cent gain equals 

.25. .75 — .25 = .50, cost. 

2. f of f = f, amount spent; f — f .= % or $320; then 

f = $640, Ans. 

3. * + i + i == if — if = -h = 3i, and if = 40, Ans. 

4. There must be f more from time to midnight than 

before; then f + f = V; V 2 = 12 hours; f = 
5 hours, or 5 o'clock, Ans. 

5. One man will do the work 4 times in one day, the 

other 5 times, and the boy will do i of it ; 4 -f 5 -j- 
i = 9* ; 1 -s- 94 = t 8 3 of a day, Ans. 

6. Every time A travels 20 rods, B gains two rods ; then 

to gain 10 rods, the distance between them, A must 
travel as many times around the island as 2 is 
contained times in 10 = 5, Ans. 

7. 4 7 5X5 = |f; 1 + 50 = ff; and If — I W* = $50; 

f = $450, Ans. 

8. A's age equals 20; B's -f C's = 80; A's + B's -f C's = 

100; A's + B's = f; C J s = i; t+-« = 100; C's = 
10, and B's = 70. 



j 2 Teachers* Question Book. 

9. $140 -=- .07 = $2000, A's money ; | of B's == | of A's ; 
* of % =h\ t 3 o of f =ft; -^ + -^ = $2000; ^=$500, 
and | = $4000, A's; \ = $5000, B's. 

10. 6 cents, the interest on 5-20's, X 1.30 = .078, value in 

currency; 1.06, the value in currency of $1 of the 
5-20's, X .07 = .0742; .078 — .0742 = .0038, the 
amount gained on $1, by investment in 5-20's. 

11. ^ = part in the mud; 11 = part in the water; If = 

length. f 3 5 = 3; and \% = 19, length of pole. 

12. $90 -s- 1.50 = $60, cost; $15 gain -*- 60 = 25% gain. 

13. 20 — 6 = 14; 14 — 6 = 8 yrs., Ans. 

14. \ + 35 = | ; | = 20, Ans. 

15. f of 40 = 15; f of 12 = 9; 9Vl5 = 60%. 

16. 5 ft. square = 25 square ft.; 25 — 5 = 20 square ft, 

difference. 

17. Loss on one apple = \ of a cent ; f , cost, -f- \ = 20 % 

loss. 

18. $4 X 1.25 = $5. $5 -f- 80 % = $6.24, asking price. 

19. $12.60 -=- 30 = 42 cents per bushel; 42 compared with 

50 and 20 gives 22 at .50, and 8 bushels at .20. 

20. One pipe will fill i of the cistern in an hour ; the other 

two will fill t£ of it in an hour; 4 4 5~=-2 = ^, the 
part one pipe will fill in one hour; hence the pipe 
will fill the cistern in 22 } hours. 

21. $26 --1.30 = $20, cost; $26 -v- .70 = 837* cost; 20 + 

37* =574- cost of both; $57* —652=67* loss. 

22. If| = f-f = M; M-M=<fcloss, or 28%. 

23. J = cost; $=.75; f =62*, cost. 

24. 3 men will earn $1 in one day ; 4 men will earn $| in 

one day; $111 -5--$ = 10 days, Ans. 

25. |ofH= T 9 o; IB— t 9 o = tV=12; «=120, Ans. 

26. | +ii+ | = 80; f = 30 rods, Ans. 

27. 100 % = market price ; 80 % = buying price ; 105.% 

= selling price; 105 — 80 = 25; 25-f-80 = 3H% 
gained. 



Teachers' Question Book. 73 

28. If I or If = A; the value of the horse = \\ times the 

buggy; i = $40, f = $120, value of horse. 

29. When the long hand is at 6 the short hand is 2i min- 

utes past; 2J -h11 = ■& j 2J + A =2 T 8 T minutes past 
6 o'clock. 

30. B + C = h ; A + C = i ; & — i = T V, A does more than 

B; A +B = T2) T2 — tV ==A> what A will do in one 
day ; hence it will take A 36 days. 

31. $72 X 1.25 = $90; $90 ~ 90 % = $100, asking price. 

32. One of the factors of the number must be 3 ; the other 

has multiplied itself to produce 48 ; then 48 X 3 = 
square root of the number, or 144, the root of which 
is 12, the number. 

33. § = greater ; I ==z less ; f = 10 ; § = 6, and 1 = 4, Ans. 

34. i = gain ; I = cost; £ = i cost, or 33£ % . 

35. A square yard = 1296 in.; 4 in. sq.= 16 sq. in.= st of 

a square yard. 

36. f — *=.«;* of f = T 5 8;*of-& = A=$80;ff = $576, 

Ans. 

37. 18 mo. at 8 % = 12 % for one year; $20 -=-.12 = $166f , 

Ans. 

38. 3 oz. gain':= i of 12 oz., or 25 %, Ans. 

39. $500 X 1.40 = $700, the amount required. 

40. If I =A,*=4»; *—« = *; i = U0; |.= $120, 

cost of horse ; $120 — $40 = $80, cost of buggy. 

41. 7 — 3 = 4; 24 -r- 4 = 6, number of companions. 

42. 8 — 5 = 3; 36 -5- 3 = 12, Ans. 

43. If f = % then § = t 9 <t; « + T 9 o = « = 57; ■&= 3; 

and the numbers are 30 and 27. 

44. Let the time past midnight == f ; then the time from 

midnight to noon =1, or 12 hours; then 3 = 6, or 
6 o'clock, Ans. 

45. i + i = ft ; § - ft = i - 8; ft = 48, Ans. 

4ff. $120 X 5% = $6; $3.25 -=- $6 = .54£ years, which, 
reduced, is 6 mos., 6 da., Ans. 



74 Teachers' Question Book. 

47. His gain is \ of the cost. 

48. If | = f of a cent, f = V, and f = 1# T cents, Ans. 

49. For 9 peaches he would give 6 cents ; 7 — 6 = 1 -=-6 

=11 %, Ans. 

50. f + 8 = f- ; 8 = f ; $ = 181, Ans. 

51. If f = I, then f = §; and I of A's will equal I of f of 

B's, or f, Ans. 

52. f -f- 4 = f — 5 ; f — f = 9 ; if = $108, A's money. 

I of $108 = $72; 72 + 4 = $76, B's money. 

53. $84 -*■ 1.20 = $70 ; $100 — $70 = $30 ; 30 -s- 70 = 

42f %, Ans. 

54. § —5 = 5 + (* — 5), or f —5 = f + 25; 1 = 20; 

3 = 10, the daughter's age, and 30 the mother's 
age. 30 — 10 = 20 —- 2 = 10, the number of 
years hence. 

55. $23 -s- 92 % .= $25, cost. If I of the calves and f of 

the sheep cost $25, then | of the calves -j- | of the 
sheep will cost $100; f — f =f ; and $100 — $76 
= $24 ; then, if f of the sheep cost $24, f will cost 
$40 = 20 sheep ; and the number of calves is 12. 

56. As A can do f as much as B, then B will be If days 

in doing what both would do in one day; 14 X It 
== 2U, time in which B will do it ; 24* -*- f = 321, 
the time in which A will do it. 



ANSWEES TO QUESTIONS OX 
WRITTEN ARITHMETIC. 

1. The science of quantity. 

2. Anything that can be increased, diminished, or meas- 

ured. 

3. One, or a single thing. 



). 



Teachers' Question Book. 75 

4. A unit or collection of units. The power of a number 

is the product produced by repeating a number 
any number of times as a factor. 

5. A whole number. 

6. An abstract number is one used without reference to 

any particular thing; a concrete number, one that 
has reference to a particular thing. 

7. A character indicating an operation to be performed. 

8. A rule is a prescribed method of performing an opera- 

tion ; a problem is something to be done. 

9. Notation is a method of writing or expressing num- 

bers by characters ; numeration is a method of 
reading numbers expressed by characters. 

10. The Roman and the Arabic. 

11. - Upon five principles : first, repeating a letter repeats 

its value ; second, if a letter of any value is placed 
after one of greater value, it is to be added to the 
greater ; third, if a letter of any value is placed be- 
fore a greater, it is to be taken from the greater ; 
fourth, if a letter of any value is placed between 
letters of higher value, it is to be taken from their 
united values ; fifth, if a bar or dash is placed over 
a letter, it increases its value a thousand-fold. 

12. A parenthesis, or bar, which shows that the numbers 

enclosed by it are to be considered together subject 
to the same operation. 

13. Any truth that is self-evident. 

14. The minuend is the number to be subtracted from ; 

the subtrahend, the number which is subtracted. 

15. The several numbers which being multiplied together 

produce the number. 

16. Multiply each partial remainder except the first, by 

all the preceding divisors, and add these products 
to the first remainder. 

17. One that cannot be resolved into factors. 

18. A common divisor is one that will divide two or more 



j6 Teachers' Question Book. 

numbers without a remainder ; the greatest common 
divisor is the greatest number that will divide two 
or more numbers without a remainder. 

19. A multiple is a number which is exactly divisable by 

a given number ; a common multiple, one that is 
exactly divisable by two or more given numbers; 
the least common multiple, the least number exact- 
ly divisable by two or more given numbers. 

20. Parts of a unit. 

21. The quotient of the numerator divided by the denom- 

inator. 

22. The denominator shows into how many parts a num- 

ber is divided; the numerator, how many parts 
are taken. 

23. A proper fraction is one whose numerator is smaller 

than its denominator; an improper fraction is one 
whose numerator is equal to or greater than its 
denominator ; a mixed number is one expressed by 
an integer and fraction written together ; a complex 
fraction is one that has a fraction in its numerator 
or denominator, or both. 

24. For convenience ; if not inverted they must be reduc- 

ed to a common denominator, and one numerator 
divided by the other. 

25. Find the greatest common divisor of the given numer- 

ators, and the least common multiple of the denomi- 
nators. 

26. Find the least common multiple of the numerators, 

and the greatest common divisor of the denomina- 
tors. 

27. Fractions whose denominators are increased or de- 

creased in ten-fold ratio. 

28. A decimal in which a figure or set of figures are con- 

tinually repeated. 

29. The figure or set of figures continually repeated. 

30. A fraction whose numerator is 1, and whose denomi- 

nator is a whole number, plus a fraction whose 



Teachers' Question Book. J J 

numerator is also 1, and whose denominator is a 
similar fraction, etc. 

31. The first has a denominator understood, showing that 

a unit is divided into ten equal parts, or any num- 
ber increased from ten in a ten-fold ratio ; the sec- 
ond has a denominator showing that a unit is di- 
vided into any number of equal parts. 

32. The medium of circulation. 

33. From the initial letters of United States, U. S. joined 

together as a monogram. 

34. Such a part as will exactly divide that number. 

35. A written statement of articles bought or sold, togeth- 

er with the price of each and the whole cost. 

36. A concrete number whose value is expressed in two 

or more different denominations. 

37. That by which extent, dimension, capacity, or amount 

is ascertained. 

38. A series of numbers, descending or ascending, used in 

operations upon compound numbers. 

39. A measure of the quantity of matter a body contains, 

according to some fixed standard. 

40. Troy has 5760 grains ; avoirdupois has 7000. 

41. Anything that has length, breadth and thickness. 

42. That which is used in measuring lines or distances. 

43. A figure having four equal sides and four equal an- 

gles ; a cube is a figure having six equal sides. 

44. In a wine gallon, 231 cu. in.; beer, 282 ; in a bushel, 

2150.4. 

45. Into 360 equal parts. 

46. The divisions and subdivisions of a unit, resulting 

from continually dividing by 12. 

47. Such a part of a number as is represented by the per 

cent. Its base is the number on which the percent- 
age is reckoned. 

48. By the hundred. 



7 8 Teachers* Question Book. 

49. The percentage allowed an agent, factor or commission 

merchant, is commission ; brokerage is the fee paid 
to a dealer in money, stocks, etc., for the transac- 
tion of business. 

50. When it sells for its first cost. It is above par when 

it sells for more than its original cost. 

51. One of the equal parts into which stock is divided. 

Stock is the amount of capital invested. 

52. A charter defines the powers of an incorporated body, 

while firm is the name under which an unincorpo- 
rated body transacts business. 

53. A sum paid to stockholders from the profits of the 

business of the company. 

54. A commercial term, used to express the gain or loss 

in business transactions. 

55. Divide the gain or loss by the purchase price. 

56. Multiply the purchase price by $1 increased or dim- 

inished, as the case may be, by the gain or loss per 
cent. 

57. Divide the selling price by $1 increased or diminished, 

as the case may be, by the gain or loss per cent. 

58. Security on property guaranteed by one party to anoth- 

er for a stipulated sum against the loss of that pro- 
perty by any casuality; a policy is a written con- 
tract between the parties ; the dividend, the sum 
paid by the insured to the insurer. 

59. A sum of money assessed on the person or property 

of an individual, for public purposes. An inven- 
tory is a written list of articles of property, with 
their value. 

60. Taxes levied on imported goods. A custom house is 

an office established by government for the trans- 
action of business relating to duties. 

61. A sum paid for the use of money. Usury is illegal 

interest. 

62. Divide the given interest by the interest on $1 for the 

given time at the given rate. 



Teachers' Question Book. yg 

63. Divide the given amount by the amount of $1 for the 

given time at the given rate. 

64. Divide the given interest by the interest on the prin- 

cipal at 1 per cent, for the time. 

65. Divide the given interest by the interest on the prin- 

cipal for one year at the rate per cent. 

66. An allowance made for the payment of a debt before 

it is due. Bank discount is an allowance made to 
a bank for the payment of a debt before it is due. 
Days of grace are the three days allowed a bank to 
pay its notes after they become due. 

67. Such a sum which being put at legal interest would 

amount to the debt when due. It is found by di- 
viding the given debt by the amount of $1 for the 
given time at the rate. 

68. A method of remitting money from one person to an- 

other, or making payments by written orders. 
There are two kinds, domestic and foreign. 

69. The date at which several debts may be paid at one 

time. 

70. The date by which all others are compared in averag- 

ing an account. 

71. The comparison of two numbers with each other. 

Arithmetical ratio is the difference between two 
numbers. Geometrical ratio is one divided by the 
other. 

72. The antecedent is the first term of a ratio; a conse- 

quent is the second term. 

73. Dividing the consequent by the antecedent ; indirect 

ratio is dividing the antecedent by the consequent. 

74. An equality of ratios. 

75. The extremes are the first and fourth terms; the 

means are the other two. 

76. An established relation between parties in business, in 

which they agree to share the gain or loss of the 
business. The dividend is the profit to be divided. 



80 Teachers' Question Book. 

77. Of mixing or compounding two or more ingredients 

of different values. 

78. Two: medial and alternate. Medial is the process 

of finding the average price or quality of several 
ingredients whose prices or qualities are known. 
Alternate is the process of finding the proportional 
quantity to be taken of several ingredients whose 
prices are known. 

79. The process of raising a number to a given power; 

evolution is the process of extracting the root of 
any number considered as a power. 

80. The indicated root of an imperfect power. 

81. One of the two equal factors that produce that number. 

82. One of the three equal factors that produce that 

number. 

83. A series of numbers increased or diminished by a 

common difference. 

84. A series of numbers increased or diminished by a 

constant multiplier. 

85. 18| = -^ 2 -; 572== H^; the greatest common divisor of 

92 and 115 is 23; the least common multiple of 5 
and 2 is 10: f8 = 2ft, Ans. 

86. The least common multiple of 2, 7, 8, and 14 is 56; 

the greatest common divisor of 5, 10, 25, and 15 is 
5; ¥ = 111, Ans. 

87. The least common multiple of 7, 35, and 49 is 245; 

the greatest common divisor of 24, 36, and 60 is 
12: -W==20f 5 2, Ans. 

QQ 1 2 31 . 63 31 3 2 . 1 A A • 32 98QA An« 

OO. 9 7 6 3 ) TT3" 6¥ 6 3 ) J-^ — 6¥ ^OO 2 , iinS. 

89. I — f = f of the greater; hence 25-^ -=- f = 89|, the 

greater number. 89| — 25 T 7 s = 631, the lesser 
number. 

90. ^ X I X t X I = 18, the number of bushels of barley. 

91. 16* -i-3Q=», Ans. 

92. f of I == i, Ans. 

93. A will travel around the island once in | days ; B, in 



Teachers' Question Book. 8 1 

V- days; and C, in ^ x - days. The least common 
multiple of 1, Y, and Q is ^jF = 178 J, the number 
of days required. 

94. If he purchase .3 of a bushel of barley, .6 of a bushel 

of wheat, and .1 of a bushel of oats, one bushel of 
grain will be worth ($.625 X.3 = $.1875) + ($1,875 
X. 6 = $1,125) + ($.375 X.l = $.0375) or $1.35. $54 
h- 1.35 = 40, Ans. 

95. 113° 14'— 2° 20'= 110° 54', the difference in longitude ; 

110° 54'-- 15 = 7 h., 23 m., 36 s., Ans. 

96. 71° 7'+ 5' 2" = 71° 12' 2", the difference in longitude ; 

71° 12' 2" -r- 15 = 4 h., 44 m., 48 T 2 5 s., difference in 
time; 12 h. M. — 4 h., 44 m., 48ft s. = 7 h., 15m., 
lift s. A. M., Ans. 

97. 16 lbs., 5 oz., 10 pwt., 13 grs. Troy = 94813 grs.; 94813 

grs. ~ 7000 = 13.5447 lbs. Avoirdupois, Ans. 

98. 1 ft., 7.8 in. = 1.65 ft. = T V rod, Ans. 

99. 9 in. = f ft.; 6 in. = i ft.; fXlXf=8 ft., Ans. 

100. 763.4 X 763.4 = 582779.56 sq. ft. = 13 A., 1 R., 20 P., 

164.56 sq. ft., Ans. 

101. 201 X 42 X 2 = 1722 sq. ft. = 17.22 squares. $4.62i 

X 17.22 = $79.64^, Ans. 

102. (8.5X4.25X31) -=- 2150.4 = 108tf« bushels, Ans. 

103. (?) = - "-^-^ f = 8 ; 12—8 = 4 men, Ans. 

104. 1 yr., 8 mo. = 20 mo.; 3 yrs., 4 mo., 24 da. = 40.8 

mo.; (?) = — x " ^^ 40 - 8 = $42,891, Ans. 

105. 16 oz. — 14ft oz. = lft oz ; 16 : lft : : $38.40 : (?) = 

$3.45, Ans. 

106. 100 % = labor, 200 % — material; 109 % + 212 % 

= 321 %; $1284 -s- 3.21 = 400 X 3 = $1200, cost of 
horse. 

107. 100 % — 10 % ~ 90 %; .90 X .10 = .09 ; .90 — .09 = 

.81 ; 6480 -s- .81 = 8000 men, Ans. 

108. B's asking price was 150 % of A's ; 150 % X .30 = 

.45 ; 150 % — .45 = 1.05, B's reduced price. 80 % 



82 Teachers' Question Book. 

= A's reduced price. 1.05 + .80 == 1.85; 148 -4- 
1.85 — $80, A's asking price. 80 X 1.50 = $120, 
B's asking price. 

109. 102 % -4-97 % =105^ %; 105M % — 100 % = 5M % ; 
$265 -r- .05M = $5141, Ans. 

110 $1.00 -4- $2.03 = $ A9-£o% Ans. 

111. 8250.-4- 1.75 = $142f ; $142f -4- .25 = 571f yds., Ans. 

112. $ .07 -4- $1.34 = 5M % income in gold; 5M % — 5 

% (rate of income on 10-40's) = if % mortgage. 

113. $182 -4- .875 = $208, cost of second ; $208 -4- 1.30 = 

$160, cost of first. 

114. $125 X 12 = $1500; $1500 -4- 1.25 = $1200, cost of 

one-half; $1500 -4- .75 = $2000, cost of other half. 
$3000 — ($2000 + $1200) = $200 loss. 

115. $30 X 1.20 = $36, selling price; $36 -4- .75 = $48, 

asking price. 

116. $ .75 -4- .1875 = $4, cost; $4 X .31 i = $1.25, advance 

on cost ; $1.25 — .75 = $ .50, Ans. 

117. $1.0275 == amt. of $1 for 5 mo., 15 da.; $385.3125 ~ 

'$1.0275 = $375, Ans. 

118. $576 -4- 1.08 = $533.33* ; $576 — $533.33* = $42,661, 

discount. 



119. The interest of $100 at 10 % for 33 days is $ .911; 

Q1I- V — Q_90l_ 0/ An«5 

.^13 X 100.91%X.0091% — y 12H /O, AUb. 

120. 5 X 12 = 60; 4 X 10 = 40; 6 X 8 = 48; 60 + 

40 + 48= 148; $55.50 X x? * = $22.50, what A 
pays; $55.50 X t 4 A = $15, what B pays . $55.50 X 
T 4 5 8 ¥ ' = $18, what C pays. 

121. C will have 1 — (tV + t) =ithe profits. A -4- 4 

= 4V, what B claims for one month ; I -4- 8 = -re, 
what A claims for one month ; § -*- 6 = -fe, what 
D claims for one month. tV ■ 4*0 : : $6000 : (?) =± 
$2250, what B puts in. ^ :•£?:: $6000 : (?) = 
$5625, what C puts in. 



Teachers' Question Book. 



83 



122. 



123. 



124. 



125. 



126. 
127. 

128. 
129. 

130. 

131. 

132. 

133. 
134. 



135. 

136. 
137. 

138. 



10 



22 



7 


3 




5 




8 




5 


5 l A 


13 








5 M 


15 







2) 


16 


2 






2 


18 




2 




2 


20 






2 


2 


24 


6 


4 


2 


12 



Ans. 



Ans. 



1X10=10 
1X10=10 
1X10=10 
6X10=10 

L.14 X 60 = $68.40; $1.26x30 = 837.80; $68.40 
-f $37.80 = $106.20 h- 90 = 81.18, average price 
of 90 gals. 157 {gg 1 18X5 J 90 ; 195 gals> . Ans> 



(Si 

il H 

[ i 



= 1 



II 1X14 = 
3 || 3X14 = 
2 || 7X14 = 


= 14 
= 42 

= 98 


11 


154 



154 -5- 11 = 14. 

6f = 6.571428 + root of which == 1.338226. 

2.8844992, Ans. 

.55+, Ans. 

1 : 5 :: 75 2 : (?) = 28125, square of the cost; the 
spuare root of 28125 = $167.70+ Ans. 

80 : 1200 : : 6 2 : (?) = 540, square of the decimeter 
required ; the square root of 540 = 23.23 + ft., Ans. 

2150.4 cu. in. X 150= 322560 cu. in. in the bin, the 
cube root of which is 5 ft., 8.6 in., Ans. 

The cube root of 79507 = 43 ft., length of one side; 
432 x 6 = 11094, Ans. 

6 2 : 18 2 : : 80 bbl. : (?) = 720 bbl. Ans. 

The diameter of the circle will be the diagonal of the 
square ; hence 42 2 = 1764, twice the square of one 
side of the enclosed square ; 1764 -5- 2 = 884, square 
root of which = 29.7 — in., Ans. 

The cube root of -^ or 5 equals 1.71+ ; 4 ft, X 1.71 
= 6.84, Ans. 

123 _*_ 43 = !728 ; 1728 -5- 4 3 = 27, Ans. 



40- 
6 X 



4 = 36; 36-6 = 6; 6 + 1 = 7, Ans. 



7295 



Ans. 



84 Teachers' Question Book. 

139. 512 -*- 2 = 256, the fourth root of which = 4, Ans. 

140. (13 — 1) X 5 = 60; 80 — 60 = 20, first day's journey. 

§2+20 x 13 = 650, whole distance traveled. 



A¥S¥EES TO QUESTIONS O^ 
HISTORY. 

1. A recital of what has happened respecting nations 

and countries. 

2. The historical records of Iceland show that America 

was discovered in 1002 by the Northmen. 

3. The island of Guanahani or San. Salvador, in October 

1492, and the mainland at the mouth of the Ori- 
noco River in 1498. 

4. Four. 

5. John Cabot and his son, Sebastian, who discovered 

the coast of Labrador in 1497. 

6. Florida was discovered by Ponce de Leon in 1512, 

who went in search of a fountain said to contain 
the elements of restoring youth to all who drank 
of its waters. The discovery of 1513 was that of 
the Pacific Ocean by Vasco de Balboa. 

7. Columbus was the first Spanish, John Cabot the first 

English, and John Verrazzani the first French dis- 
coverer. 

8. A French,, explorer, who made three voyages to the 

St. Lawrence River, which he discovered in 1534. 

9. A Spanish nobleman who invaded Florida in 1539 in 

search of gold; who discovered the Mississippi 
River; and was shortly after buried in its waters. 

10. At Darien by the Spaniards in 1510. 

11. At St. Augustine by the Spaniards in 1565. 



Teachers' Question Book. 85 

12. Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir Humphrey Gilbert; their 

labors were unsuccessful. 

13. At Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. 

14. The London Company, composed of noblemen, gentle- 

men, and merchants of London. 

15. All the country between the southern limit of Mary- 

land and Cape Fear. 

16. Edward Wingfield. 

17. One of the founders of Jamestown, who succeeded 

RatclifTe, and governed the affairs of the colony, 
with great energy and success. 

18. Pocahontas was the daughter of the Indian Chief, Pow- 

hatan, and saved the life of John Smith, who was 
sentenced to death by her father. 

19. In 1608 to Jamestown. 

20. Indian corn, potatoes, and tobacco. 

21. In 1609 ; but the massacre was prevented by Pocahon- 

tas, who revealed the plot to the people of James- 
town. 

22. In 1622, when in one hour 347 men, women, and chil- 

dren were massacred. The second was in 1644,when 
300 were killed : this plot was originated by Ope- 
chancanough, and was intended to exterminate all 
the English settlers. 

23. Henry Hudson in 1609, who sailed up the river 116 

miles, where the city of Hudson now stands. 

24. To find a northwest passage to the East Indies. In 

1610, when he discovered the strait and bay which 
bear his name, he was placed in an open boat by 
his companions and abandoned. 

25. The New Netherlands, and was Claimed by the English 

and Dutch. The claims of the English were based 
upon the discoveries of the Cabots ; and the claims 
of the Dutch upon the discoveries of Hudson. 

26. By force of arms,— the English maintaining possession. 

27. By the Dutch in 1620. 



86 Teachers' Question Book. 

28. By the Puritans or Pilgrim Fathers, who landed at 

Plymouth December, 30, 1620. 

29. One hundred. John Carver was their first governor. 

30. Nearly one half the number died during the first four 

months ; and all would have perished but for the 
aid of fishermen off the coast. Their sufferings 
continued three years, after which they were 
prosperous. 

31. A Puritan, who for his liberal religious opinions, was 

banished from Massachusetts. He afterwards form- 
ed the first settlement in Rhode Island. 

32. The Quakers were banished from the colony, many 

were imprisoned, and four were put to death. 

33. The war commenced in 1675, continuing about one 

year. King Philip was an Indian Chief, and was 
killed by an Indian, an ally of the English, in 1676. 

34. King William's War in 1689, Queen Anne's in 1702, 

and King George's in 1744. 

35. They assisted the French against the English. 

36. The Indians had become troublesome and dangerous 

to the early settlers of Connecticut, who resolved to 
make war upon the Pequots. The battle took place 
at Mystic River, where the tribe was annihilated, 
those who were not killed were captured and made 
slaves, or escaped and joined other tribes. 

37. The supposed Negro Plot, the plan being to burn New 

York, and make one of their number governor. 
Many innocent persons suffered death. 

38. Massachusetts, Plymouth, Rhode Island, and Con- 

necticut. 

39. Charters were given to each colony, and the right of 

government to the people. 

40. The charters of the colonies were recalled, but Con- 

necticut refused to surrender hers. It was hidden 
in the hollow of an old oak, which since that time 
has been called the Charter Oak. 

41. Harvard was founded at Cambridge, Mass. in 1638; 



Teachers' Question Book. 87 

and Yale at New Haven, Conn, in 1701. 

42. A Superstition prevailed that persons were subject to 

the control of invisible evil spirits; and it is the re- 
ceived opinion that 200 persons were accused, 150 
imprisoned, 28 condemned, 19 hanged, and one 
pressed to death. 

43. He was a man sent out by England to suppress piracy 

in 1696, but turned pirate himself; he was captur- 
ed in Boston in 1699, sent to England, condemned 
and executed. 

44. The Boston News Letter was established in 1704, by 

Bartholomew Green. 

45. Joliet and Marquette. 

46. They were early explorers of some of the northern 

lakes, and the Mississippi River and its branches. 

47. At Kaskaskia in Illinois about 1690. 

48. A minister who labored among the Indians; and for 

his devotion was called the Indian Apostle. He 
also translated the Bible into the Indian language. 

49. A Quaker who, with a band of followers, settled in 

Pennsylvania in 1682, buying the lands of Indians. 

50. Pennsylvania ; and is supposed to be due to the hon- 

orable policy pursued by William Penn. 

51. The cause was disputed territory ; and the parties were 

the French and Indians against the English. 

52. Principally on the Ohio river and the northern lakes. 

53. George Washington. 

54. After some successes Washington marched to a place 

called Great Meadows, where he built Ft. Necessity. 
Early in July, 1755, the fort was attacked by the 
whole French and Indian force, but was defended 
with such resistance that the French commander, 
Count de Villiers, sent in a flag of truce. Washing- 
^ ton gave up the fort, but was permitted to march 
away with all the honors of war. 

55. A vote of thanks was passed; and each soldier was 

to receive a pistole. 



88 Teachers' Question Book. 

56. Gen. Bracldock with a select force of 1200 men. 

57. When within ten miles of Ft. du Quesne he was sur- 

prised by a body of French and Indians in ambush. 
Braddock was mortally wounded, and nearly all 
his officers, and one half his troops were killed. 

58. Washington, although four bullets pierced his coat, 

and two horses were shot under him. 

59. At Nova Scotia, Crown Point and Niagara. 

60. The capture of Quebec by the English, the 13th of 

September, 1759. 

61. Gen. Wolfe of the English forces, and Gen. Montcalm 

of the French ; both were killed. 

62. That France should cede to Great Britain nearly all 

of her possessions east of the Mississippi River. 

63. The colonies were unjustly taxed, and not allowed 

the right of sending representatives to Parliament. 

64. That all paper used for bonds, deeds, pamphlets, etc., 

should be stamped. It was passed by Parliament 
in 1765. 

65. A Virginian who with boldness and eloquence distin- 

guished himself by his opposition to the Stamp Act. 

66. A duty was laid on all tea, glass, paper, and painters' 

colors, which should be imported. 

67. Vessels containing nearly 350 chests of tea were board- 

ed by Americans, disguised as Indians, and the tea 
thrown into the harbor. 

68. An act of Parliament forbidding the landing of goods 

in Boston. 

69. At Philadelphia, September 4th, 1774. 

70. Gen. Gage. 

71. At Lexington, near Boston, April 19th, 1775. 

72. On Breed's Hill, June 17th, 1775. 

73. Gen. Howe of the British army, and of the Americans 

it is uncertain who commanded; but it is thought 
by some to have been Col. Prescott. The British 



Teachers' Question Book. 89 

force was 3000, loss 1000: the American force 1500 
loss 450. 

74. Gen. Warren. 

75. June 15, 1775. His force was 14000 men. 

76. Ticonderoga and Crown Point. 

77. Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold. 

78. "I demand it in the name of the Great Jehovah, and 

the Continental Congress." 

79. They were unsuccessful, receiving a defeat at Quebec, 

where Gen. Montgomery, the American general, 
was killed. 

80. It assembled May 10, 1775, when they voted to raise 

and equip 20,000 men, and give the command to 
Gen. Washington. It was again convened at Phil- 
adelphia in May, 1776. 

81. Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, June 7, 1776. 

82. Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, 

Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston. 

83. July 4, 1776. 

84. That the Thirteen United States of America were free 

and independent. 

85. August 2, 1776, by all the members of Congress, num- 

bering fifty-six. 

86. That articles of government should be drawn. 

87. Articles of Confederation, and were to take effect when 

ratified by all the States. 

88. No; delays and objections arose, but they were estab- 

lished March, 1781. 

89. • Maryland. 

90. Because it gave no real power to Congress, who could 

only recommend what should be done. Congress 
could borrow money, but was not empowered to 
pay it; could declare war, and determine how 
many troops should be raised, but could not levy 
taxes to defray the expenses, nor compel the States 
to raise the troops. 



90 Teachers' Question Book. 

91. August 27, 1776, the Americans being compelled to 

withdraw, closely pursued by the British under 
Gen. Howe. 

92. North by the way of Harlem, White Plains, and North 

Chester, then south-west through New Jersey to 
the Pensylvania side of the Delaware river. 

93. October 28, 1776, neither party being victorious, al- 

though Washington retreated when the British re- 
ceived reinforcements. 

94. He crossed the Delaware December 26, proceeded to 

Trenton, captured one thousand Hessians and a 
large qnantity of arms. 

95. The battle of Princeton, January 3, 1777, which was 

one of the hottest fought battles during the whole 
war. The Americans were successful. 

96. September 11, 1777. Washington was defeated, re- 

treating to Philadelphia. 

97. September 26, 1777, without opposition. 

98. At Germantown, October 4, meeting with a defeat, 

losing 1200 men. 

99. The capture of the British general, Prescott, by Col. 

Barton with forty select soldiers, who crossed from 
Warwick in the night to the island of Rhode, where 
the British army was encamped, proceeded to Gen. 
Prescott 's lodgings, captured him, and returned. 
100 To have an officer equal in rank to Gen. Lee, that 
they might exchange. 

101. Gen. Burgoyne with 10,000 British and Indian troops. 

102. Gen. Gates commanded the Americans, and Gen. 

Burgoyne the British. 

103. The battles of Stillwater, September 19, and October 

7, 1777. The Americans were successful. 

104. To Gen. Gates, at Saratoga, October 17, 1777. 

105. That the British should give up their arms and am- 

munition, return to England, and engage no more 
in the war. 



Teachers' Question Book. 91 

106. Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee. 

107. At Paris, February 6, 1778, and was ratified by Con- 

gress May 4. 

108. A French fleet under Count d'Estaing. 

109. About nine months, withdrawing their forces June 

18, 1778. 

110. At Lancaster and York, Pa. 

111. June 28, 1778, in the eastern part of New Jersey, both 

parties claiming the victory; but the British with- 
drew their troops. 

112. Gen. Lincoln. Gen. Prevost of the British. 

113. In the northern states. 

114. Stony Point and Paulus Hook. 

115. Gen. Wayne, in the night of July 15, with unloaded 

guns and fixed bayonets, attacked Stony Point, 
carrying the works. Paulus Hook was surprised 
and taken by Maj. Lee, July 19. 

116. A great loss to the American and French forces. 

117. The Polish nobleman, Count Pulaski. 

118. A yery successful naval commander of the naval 

forces. He captured two English vessels of war 
off the coast of Scotland. 

119. In South Carolina. 

120. Gen. Lincoln was forced to surrender his troops, 2000 

in number, May 12, 1780. 

121. Gen. Gates succeeded Lincoln; and Lord Cornwallis 

had command of the British. 

122. July 3, 1778, under the direction of John Butler at 

the head of 1600 Tories and Indians. 

123. The massacre of Maxhaw Creek, where a body of 

400 Americans were surpised ; and after surrender- 
ing were massacred. 

124. Near Camden, S.C., Aug. 16, 1780. The armies were 

commanded by Gates and Cornwallis, the Americans 
being defeated with a loss of 2000 men. 

125. Gen. Greene. 



92 Teachers' Question Book. 

126. A French fleet, under De Ternay and Count de 

Rochambeau, with 6000 troops. 

127. An American traitor, who secretly agreed to betray 

West Point into the hands of the British for $30,000. 

128. A British officer sent by Clinton to negotiate with 

Arnold. 

129. John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Van 

Wert. They received a pension of $200 each for 
life, and a silver medal, bearing on one side the 
motto "Fidelity," and on the other, "The Love of 
Country Conquers." 

130. Arnold escaped to the British, and was given a com- 

mand in the army; Andre was hanged as a spy, 
October 2, 1780. 

131. In South Carolina, January 17, 1781. The Americans, 

under Gen. Morgan, were successful, with a loss of 
only 80 men. The enemy's loss was 800. 

132. He attacked and defeated the British at Eutaw 

Springs. 

133. The surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown. 

134. To Gen. Washington, October 19, 1781. 

135. At Paris, September 3, 1783. The American com- 

missioners were John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, 
Henry Lawrence and John Jay; the British com- 
missioners were Messrs. Fitzherbert and Oswold. 

136. April 19, 1783, just eight years after the battle of 

Lexington. 

137. Before Congress, which was assembled at Annapolis, 

December 23, 1783; after which he returned to his 
home in Virginia. 

138. In 1777, by Congress. It is composed of thirteen 

stripes, alternate red and white, with a field of blue 
in the upper flagstaff corner, on which is a star for 
every state. The width is two thirds the length. 

139. The Marquis de La Fayette, Count de Grasse, Count 

de Rochambeau, Count d'Estaing, Count Pulaski, 
and De Ternay. 



Teachers' Question Book. 93 

140. Virginia, New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, New 

Hampshire, Maryland, Connecticut, Rhode Island, 
Delaware, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, South 
Carolina, and Georgia. 

141. In 1788. 

142. At New York, April 1789. 

143. In the year 1800. 

144. By the Indians, who defeated Generals Warner and 

St. Clair with great -slaughter. 

145. By Gen. Wayne, who in 1794 gained a complete vic- 

tory, laying waste their whole country. 

146. Gen. Harrison at the battle of Tippecanoe. 

147. Aaron Burr was at one time Vice-president of the 

United States. He attempted to form a govern- 
ment west of the Alleghanies, was tried for treason, 
but was acquitted. This was called "Burr's Con- 
spiracy." Alexander Hamilton was distinguished 
in the affairs of government, and was killed in a 
duel with Aaron Burr in 1804. 

148. American commerce suffered greatly from the inhab- 

itants of the Barbary States, who were known as 
pirates. The war occured in 1805. 

149. He was elected by Congress on the thirty-sixth bal- 

lot, there being no election by the people, he and 
Aaron Burr receiving an equal number of votes. 

150. It occurred in 1812 and '13, under James Madison's 

administration. The cause was the impressment 
of American citizens by England. 

151. In Michigan. 

152. The capture of the Guerriere by the Constitution, 

August 19 ; of the Frolic by the Wasp, October 18; 
of the Macedonian by the United States, October 
25 ; of the Java by the Constitution, December 29. 

153. The division under Harrison, on the west shore of 

lake Erie ; the division under Dearborne, between 
lakes Erie and Ontario ; and Hampden's division 
on the shore of lake Champlain. 



94 



Teachers' Question Book. 



154. 



155. 



156. 

157. 
158. 



159. 



160. 



161. 



162. 



163. 



164. 



165. 



Commodore Perry's victory, September 10, 1813, 

when he captured the British fleet of six vessels 

and sixty-three guns. 
The capture of the Peacock by the Hornet, February 

24 ; of the Boxer by the Enterprise, September 5 ; 

of Barclay's fleet by Perry's fleet, September 10. 
The capture of the Chesapeake by the Shannon ; of 

the Argus by the Pelican. 

July 25, 1813. 

The Capitol was burned, with its valuable library ; 
also, the president's house and several private 
buildings : after which, the British retreated to 
their fleet. 

At New Orleans, January 8, 1815, Gen. Jackson com- 
manding the American forces, numbering 6,000; 
and Gen. Peckenham commanding the British, 
numbering 12,000. The American loss was seven 
killed and seven wounded ; the British lost 2500. 

South Carolina proposed to resist certain acts of 
Congress, or secede ; but by a proclamation of Jack- 
son, and a compromise bill offered by Clay, the 
difficulty was settled. 

Great commercial distress, banks failed, business 
houses suspended ; also the Canadian Insurrection, 
which called a proclamation from the president to 
keep peace on the border. 

The people of Rhode Island organized by force a 

new constitution and elected Dow governor. Dow 

was imprisoned, and tried for treason, but released. 
In 1846 and '47, under James K. Polk. Peace was 

declared February 2, 1848. 
The annexation of Texas by the United States, and 

a certain tract of land claimed both by Mexico and 

the United States. 
Gen. Taylor in 1846, and Gen. Winfield Scott in 

1847. Scott was successful in many engagements, 

entering Mexico September 14, 1847. 



Teachers' Question Book. 95 

166. That the United States should evacuate all the fort- 

resses in Mexico in her possession ; and that Mexico 
should cede to the United States the territories of 
New Mexico and Upper California for the sum of 
$15,000,000, and pay $3,500,000 to American citi- 
zens due them by Mexico. 

167. 1836. 

168. It was purchased from Spain in 1820. 

169. It was purchased from France in 1803 for $15,000,000. 

170. All that tract of country lying between the Mississippi 

river and the Rocky mountains. 

171. It was claimed by New Hampshire and New York; 

but was settled by being admitted as a separate 
state. 

172. A bill defining the limits of slavery: all states north 

of latitude 36°, admitted after the passage of this 
act, being declared free states. 

173. It proposed a repeal of the Missouri Compromise 

Bill, allowing the people of the state to decide 
whether it should be bond or free. 

174. The agitation of the slavery question. The southern 

states, believing they had a right to secede from the 
Union, seceded, but the Federal government, deny- 
ing that right, raised armies and enforced its 
authority. 

175. South Carolina, December 20, 1860. 

176. Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, 

Texas, Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and 
Tennessee. 

177. The government was similar to the government of 

the United States. The states were called the 
"Confederate States of America." Jefferson Davis 
was president, and was inaugurated February 4, 
1861. 

178. tThe^bombardment of Fort Sumter. 

179. Fort Sumter fell into the hands of the rebels under 

Gen. Beauregard. Maj. Anderson, the commander 



g6 Teachers' Question Book. 

of Sumter, was permitted to go north with his men. 

180. In Baltimore, April 19, 1861, when southern sympa- 

thizers attacked a Massachusetts regiment on its 
way to Washington. 

181. July 21, 1861, in Northern Virginia. Gen. McDowell 

made the attack, and was defeated after a severe 
engagement. 

182. By Gen. George B. McClellan. 

183. The battle of Ball's Bluff, October 21, in which the 

Union commander, Col. Baker, was killed. 

184. Near Springfield, Missouri, August 10, 1861. 

185. Southern commissioners sent to Europe to plead the 

cause of the Confederacy. 

186. Gen. Thomas won an engagement at Mill Springs, 

and Com. Foote and Gen. Grant captured Forts 
Henry and Donelson in Northern Tennessee. 

187. On the 6th and 7th of April, 1862. Gen. Grant com- 

manded the Union forces, and Gen. Beauregard 
the Rebels. 

188. The Cumberland and Congress, March 8, 1862. 

189. The Merrimac was disabled by the Monitor near 

Norfolk, March 9, 1862. 

190. March 9, 1862. Gen. Curtis of the Union forces 

gained a victory over Van Dorn. 

191. In the Mississippi river between Kentucky and 

Missouri. It was taken by Com. Foote and Gen. 
Pope, April 7, 1862. 

192. To Admiral Farragut and Com. Porter, April 25, 1862. 

193. At first he compelled the Rebels to retire from York- 

town and Williamsburg; but after the battle of 
Fair Oaks, he was obliged to retreat to the James 
river. 

194. A series of battles, lasting seven days, commencing 

June 25. 

195. He attempted to take Washington, but was opposed 

by Pope. He took Harper's Ferry, and entered 
Maryland. 



Teachers' Question Book. gy 

196. The battles of South Mountain, September 14, and 

Antietam, September 17. 

197. Gen. McClellan of the Union forces, and Lee of the 

Rebels. Lee was defeated, and withdrew his army 
across the Potomac to Virginia. 

198. Gen. Burnsides. 

199. He was defeated at Fredericksburg, December, 13, 

1862, with great loss. 

200. By Gen. Hooker. 

201. January 2, 1863. Gen. Rosecrans defeated the Rebels 

under Gen. Bragg. 

202. The battle of Ghickamauga, September 19, 1863. 

203. November 24, 1863, in which Bragg was defeated. 

204. January 1, 1863. 

205. He was attacked by Gen. Lee, at Chancellorsville 

May 2, and 3, 1863, and was defeated with great loss. 

206. At the battle of Chancellorsville. 

207. He crossed the Potomac, passed through Maryland, 

entered Pennsylvania, and proceeded within four 
miles of Harrisburg. 

208. By the battle of Gettysburg, which was fought July 

1, 2, and 3. Gen. Meade commanded the Union 
forces. Gen. Lee retreated to Virginia. 

209. To Gen. Grant, July 4, 1863. 

210. To Gen. Banks, July 8, 1863. 

211. He was not, being defeated by Gen. Taylor, April 8, 

1864. 

212. March 3, 1864. 

213. One, under command of Grant, against Richmond; 

and the other, under Sherman, against Atlanta. 

214. Gen. Lee had command of the Rebels. The battles 

of the Wilderness, which lasted three days, the 
battle of Spottsylvania, which lasted six days, were 
fought; after which, Gen. Lee retired to Richmond. 

215. He defeated Gen. Johnson in several engagements, 



98 Teachers' Question Book. 

and captured Atlanta, September 2, 1864. 

216. His "march to the sea," passing through Georgia, 

reaching Savannah in December, 1864. 

217. He entered Maryland, threatened Washington and 

Baltimore, defeated Wallace, and then withdrew to 
Virginia. In the same month, July, he crossed 
into Pennsylvania, his troops setting fire to Cham- 
bersburgh ; after which, he withdrew. 

218. A vast amount of stores, 5000 horses, and the with- 

drawal of part of Grant's army from before Peters- 
burg. 

219. The battles of Winchester and Fisher's Hill, in Sep- 

tember, 1864. 

220. The capture of Mobile, August 5, 1864. 

221. The engagement was off the coast of France, in the 

English Channel, June 15, 1864. The Alabama 
was sunk. 

222. To Gen. Terry and Admiral Porter, January 15, 1865. 

223. April 3, 1865. 

224. Lee surrendered to Gen. Grant, near Lynchburg. 

Virginia, April 9, 1865, and Johnson to Sherman, 
in North Carolina, April 26. 

225. Four years. 

226. He was taken in disguise by a party of Union troops, 

in Georgia, May 10, 1865, and imprisoned in For- 
tress Monroe, but was afterwards bailed out. 

227. By an act of Congress, ratified by three-fourths the 

States. 

228. By purchase from Russia for $7,200,000 in gold. 

229. In 1869. 

230. adm'd 
States. where settled, when. by whom. as a 

STATE. 

Florida, St. Augustine, 1565 Spanish, 1845 

Virginia, Jamestown, 1607 English, 

New York, Albany, 1614 Dutch, 

Massachusetts, Plymouth, 1620 English, 



Teachers' Question Book. 



99 



New Jersey, 

New Hampshire 

Maine, 

Connecticut, 

Maryland, • 

Rhode Island, 

Delaware, 

Pennsylvania, 

North Carolina, 

Wisconsin, 

South Carolina, 

Michigan, 

Illinois, 

Arkansas, 

Indiana, 

Texas, 

Louisiana, 

Alabama, 

Mississippi, 

Vermont, 

Georgia, 

Missouri. 

Tennesee, 

California, 

Kentucky, 

Ohio, 

Oregon, 

Iowa, 

Minnesota, 

Nebraska, 

Kansas, 

West Virginia, 



Bergen, 1620 

,Dover, 1623 

York, 1630 

Windsor, 1633 

St.Mary's, 1634 

Providence, 1636 

Wilmington, 1638 

Philadelphia, 1643 

Albemarl, 1650 

Green Bay, 1669 

Port Royal, 1670 

Detroit, 1670 

Kaskaskia, 1688 

Arkansas Post, 1685 

Vincennes, 1690 

Bexar, 1693 

Iberville, 1699 

Mobile, 1702 

Natchez, 1716 
Ft. Drummer, " 1724 

Savannah, 1733 

St. Genevieve, 1755 

Fort London, 1757 

San Diego, 1767 

Boonsboro, 1770 

Marietta, ' 1788 

Astoria, 

Burlington, 1833 

St. Paul, 

Omaha, 



Dutch and Danes, 

English, 
ft 

Em. from Mass., 

English, 

Roger Williams, 

Swedes and Finns, 

Swedes, 

English, 

French, 

English, 

French, 



Spanish, 
French, 



Em. from Mass., 

English, 

French, 

Em. from N. C, 

Spanish, 

Daniel Boone, 

Em. from New Em 



* Those that composed the thirteen colonies. 
231. PRESIDENTS. INAUGURATED. 

George Washington, 1789 

John Adams, 1797 

Thomas Jefferson, 1801 

James Madison, 1809 

James Monroe, 1817 

John Quincy Adams, 1825 

Andrew Jackson, 1829 

Martin Van Buren, 1837 

William H. Harrison, 1841 

*John Tyler, 1841 

James K. Polk, 1845 

Zachary Taylor, 1849 



* 

* 

1620 

1848 

1837 
1818 
1836 
1816 
1845 
1812 
1819 
1817 
1791 

1821 
1796 
1850 
1792 
1802 
1859 
1846 
1858 
1867 
1864 
1863 



YEARS IN OFFICE. 

8 
4 
8 
8 
8 
4 
8 
4 
1 mo. 
3 yrs. 11 mo. 
4 

1* 



100 Teachers' Question Book. 



*Millard Fillmore, 


1850 


2| 


Franklin Pierce, 


1853 


4 


James Buchanan, 


1857 


4 


Abraham Lincoln, 


1861 


4i 


^Andrew Johnson, 


1865 


3J 


Ulysses S. Grant, 


1869 





* Elected vice-president, and became president on the death of their pre- 
decessor. 

232. The 14th of April 1865, by J. Wilkes Booth. 



ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS O^ 
aEOGEAPHY. 

1. Three: Mathematical, Physical, and Political. Mathe- 

matical treats of the form, magnitude, and motions 
of the earth, and of the various imaginary lines on 
its surface. Physical treats of the solid and fluid 
parts of the earth's surface, the atmosphere, and 
all animal and vegetable life. Political treats of 
the various countries on the earth's surface, the 
people, customs, religion, and government. 

2. A sphere, flattened at the ends. 

3. About twenty-six miles. 

4. An imaginary line on which it performs its daily rev- 

olution: its poles are the points where the axis 
meets the surface. 

5. Two : diurnal and annual. The diurnal is its motion 

from east to west; the annual is its revolution 
around the sun. 

6. The revolution of the earth around the sun. 

7. The revolution of the earth on its axis. 

8. It is the course it takes in its annual motion ; its esti- 

mated length is 600,000,000 miles. 

9. About 68,000 miles an hour. 



Teachers' Question Book. 101 

10. A magnetic needle, resting upon a pivot, enclosed in 

a circular box. It always points north. The car- 
dinal points are north, south, east, and west. 

11. Into great and small circles. The great circles are 

the meridians and the equator; the small circles 
are the tropic and polar circles, and the parallels 
of latitude. 

12. Into 360 equal parts, called degrees. 

13. A drawing which represents a whole or a part of the 

earth's surface. 

14. The equator, meridians, parallels, tropic and polar 

circles. 

15. A great circle equally distant from the poles. 

16. Any great circle passing through the poles. A mer- 

idian is half a meridian circle. 

17. The distance either east or west from any given mer- 

idian. 

18. 180° either east or west. 

19. 60 geographical miles at the equator; but they grad- 

ually grow less as they approach the poles; at 60° 
from the equator they are only thirty miles. 

20. The distance either north or south from the equator, 

called north and south latitude. 

21. 90°, which is at the poles. 

22. 60 geographical, or 69 \ statute miles. 

23. Two small circles parallel with the equator : one sit- 

uated 23!° north, and called the Tropic of Cancer; 
the other 23 2 ° south, and called the Tropic of Cap- 
ricorn. 

24. Two small circles parallel with the equator, at a dis- 

tance of 23i° from the poles, the one north being- 
called the Arctic Circle, the one south the Antarc- 
tic Circle. 

25. Belts, or divisions of the earth, bounded by the tropic 

and polar circles, of which there are five: two 
frigid, two temperate, and one torrid. The north 



102 Teachers' Question Book. 

frigid lies between the pole and the Arctic Circle, 
and is 23 \° in width ; the north temperate lies be- 
tween the Arctic Circle and the Tropic of Cancer, 
and is 43° in width ; the torrid lies between the 
Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, and 
extends 23$° north and south of the equator; the 
south temperate is of the same size as the north, 
and lies between the Tropic of Capricorn and the 
Antarctic Circle ; the south frigid is all of the 
earth's surface south of the Antarctic Circle. 

26. The frigid zones have two : a very long, cold winter, 

and a short summer; the temperate have four: 
spring, summer, autumn, and winter; the torrid 
two : the wet and the dry. 

27. Winter. 

28. Continents, islands, peninsulas, isthmuses, cape's, 

promontories, mountains, hills, plains, and valleys. 

29. Oceans, gulfs, bays, straits, passages, sounds, channels, 

lakes, and rivers. 

30. A narrow arm of the sea into which a river empties. 

31. A sea interspersed with many islands. 

32. When a river discharges its waters by several outlets, 

the tract of land embraced by these outlets is call- 
ed a Delta. 

33. A place some distance from shore where vessels can 

anchor in safety. 

34. The tract of country drained by that river and its tribu- 

taries. 

35. A fertile spot in a desert. 

36. Three: Monarchy, Aristocracy, and Democracy. A 

monarchy is a form of government where the su- 
preme power is in the hands of one person; an ar- 
istocracy, where the power is in the hands of a 
privileged few; a democracy, where the power is 
in the hands of the people. These forms of govern- 
ment may be variously modified. 

37. Empires, kingdoms, republics, states, counties, town- 



Teachers' Question Book. 103 

ships, and cities. 

38. An empire is a country governed by an emperor ; a 

kingdom, one governed by a king; a republic, one 
governed by representatives, chosen by the people ; 
a state is a division of a republic, having laws of 
its own, harmonizing with the general government ; 
a county is a division of a state or kingdom. 

39. Five; Caucasian, Mongolian, American or Indian, 

African, and Malay. 

40. Into four: enlightened, civilized, half-civilized, and 

savage. 

41. Four: Christians, Jewish, Mohamedan, and Pagan. 

42. 860; and from these are derived 5000 dialects. 

43. The Chinese. The most widely spread is the English. 

44. Agriculture, manufactures, and commerce. 

45. Those most noted for agriculture are the British Is- 

lands, Central and Western Europe, and the Unit- 
en States ; those most noted for manufactures, are 
Great Britain, Holland, Belgium, Germany, Switzer- 
land, France, and the United States; those most 
noted for commerce are Great Britain, France, Hol- 
land, Denmark, Sweden, Bussia, and the United 
States. 

46. Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America, and 

Oceanica. 

47. Mount Everest, of the Himalaya Mountains, 29,100 

feet in hight. In Africa, Mount Kilimanjaro, 20,000 
feet; in Europe, Mount Blanc of the Alps, 15,810 
feet; in North America, Mount St. Elias, 17,900 feet; 
in South America, Mount Aconcagua, of the Andes, 
23,910 feet; in Mexico, ^Popocatapetl, a volcano, 
17,720 feet; in Oceanica, Mount Ophir, of the island 
of Sumatra, 13,840 feet. 

48. Thirty-seven: divided into Eastern, Middle, Southern, 

and Western. The territories are Alaska, Washing- 
ton, Montana, Idaho, Dacotah, Utah, Arizona, New 
Mexico, Indian, and Colorado. 



io4 



Teachers' Question Book. 



49. 

CAPITOLS. 

Augusta, 
Concord, 
Montpelier, 
Boston, 
Hartford, 
New Haven, 
Providence, \ 
Newport, ) 



Albany, 

Trenton, 

Harrisburg, 

Dover, 

Annapolis, 

Richmond, 

Wheeling, 

Raleigh, 

Columbus, 

Atlanta, 

Tallahassee, 

Montgomery, 

Jackson, 

New Orleans, 

Austin, 

Little Rock, 

Nashville, 

Columbus, 

Indianapolis, 

Frankfort, 

Jefferson City, 

Springfield, 

Des Moines, 

Lansing, 

Madison, 

Saint Paul, 
Lincoln, 
Topeka, 

Sacramento City, 
Salem, 
Carson City, 

50. 



STATES. 



LOCATION. 



Maine, Kennnebec river. 

New Harnpshire,Merrimac river. 



Vermont, 
Massachusetts, 

Connecticut, 
Rhode Island, 



New York, 

New Jersey, 

Pennsylvania, 

Delaware, 

Maryland, 

Virginia, 

West Virginia. 

North Carolina, Neuse river. 

South Carolina, Congaree river. 



Onion river. 

Massachusetts Bay. 

Connecticut river. 

Long Island Sound. 

Pawtucket river. 

Rhode Island in Narragan- 

sett Bay. 
Hudson river. 
Delaware river. 
Susquehanna river. 
Jones creek. 

Near the Chesapeake bay. 
James river. 
Ohio river. 



Georgia, 

Florida, 

Alabama, 

Mississippi, 

Louisiana, 

Texas, 

Arkansas, 

Tennessee, 

Ohio, 

Indiana, 

Kentucky, 

Missouri, 

Illinois, 

Iowa, 

Michigan, 

Wisconsin, 

Minnesota, 

Nebraska, 

Kansas, 

California, 

Oregon, 

Nevada, 



Inland. 

Inland, near Saint Marks. 

Alabama river. 

Pearl river. 

Mississippi river. 

Colorado river. 

Arkansas river. 

Cumberland river. 

Scioto river. 

West fork of White river. 

Kentucky river. 

Missouri river. 

Sangamon river. 

Des Moines river. 

Grand river. 

Between Third and Fourth 

lakes. 
Mississippi river. 
Small branch of -the Platte. 
Kansas river. 
Sacramento river. 
Willamette river. 
Carson river. 



By the Arctic Circle: Alaska, BritishfAmerica, Norway, 
Sweden, Russia, Siberia; by the Tropic of Cancer: 
Mexico, Cuba, Sahara Desert, Nubia, Arabia, Hin- 



Teachers' Question Book. 105 

dostan, China; by the Equator: Brazil, United States 
Columbia, Ecuador, Lower Guinea, Ethiopia, Zan- 
guebar, East Indies ; by the Tropic of Capricorn: 
Brazil, Paraguay, Argentine Confederation, Bolivia, 
southern part of Africa, and Australia. 

51. Peak of TenerifTe, Canary Islands; Mount iEtna, 

Island of Sicily ; Vesuvius, Italy ; Cotopaxi, Ecua- 
dor ; Mount Hecla, Iceland ; Stromboli, in an island 
of the Mediterranean; Popocatapetl, Mexico; Mount 
Erebus, Victoria's Land. 

52. North Latitude, 43°, longitude 88° West from Green- 

wich, or 11° from Washington. The meridian runs 
through Northern Michigan, Illinois, Kentucky, 
Tennessee, Alabama. The parallel runs through 
Michigan, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, 
Iowa, Nebraska, Oregon, and Nevada. 

53. The principal exports are grain, pork, beef, machinery, 

and cotton; the imports are sugar, tea, merchan- 
dise, spices, etc. 

54. Spain, France, Italy, Turkey, Greece, Morocco, Algiers, 

Tunis, Tripoli, and Egypt. 

55. United States Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and 

Chili. 

56. A place on the equator has no latitude ; and if on the 

meridian from which we reckon longitude, it is said 
to have no longitude. 

57. The English and Japanese. 

58. Texas is the largest, Rhode Island the smallest, and 

New York the most populous. 

59. On the west, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, 

and Louisiana; on the east, Wisconsin, Illinois, 
Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, and a small part 
of Louisiana. 

60. 90° latitude, but no longitude. 

61. Six months. 

62. South. 



106 Teachers' Question Book. 

63. Arabia: coffee, aloes, myrrh, frankincense, gum Ara- 
bic ; Asiatic Islands : pepper, cloves, nutmegs, gin- 
ger, camphor, etc.; Barbary States: leather, gums, 
hides, fruits, wax, ostrich feathers; Belgium: 
grain, flax, hops, woolens, linens, laces, etc.; Bra- 
zil: cotton, sugar, coffee, tobacco, gold, diamonds, 
wheat, etc.; Canada, Novia Scotia, and New Bruns- 
wick: flour, furs, lumber, fish; Cape Colony: bran- 
dy, wine, ostrich feathers, hides, tallow; Central 
America : logwood, mahogany, indigo, cocoa ; Chili : 
silver, gold, copper, wheat, hemp, hides, sugar, fruits ; 
China: tea, silks, nankeens, porcelain, articles of 
ivory and pearl; Denmark: grain, horses, cattle, 
beef, pork, butter, cheese ; Eastern States : lumber, 
beef, pork, fish, cottons, woolens; Eastern, western, 
and central Africa: gold, ivory, ostrich feathers; 
Egypt: rice, grain, linseed, fruits, indigo, cotton, 
Ecuador: coffee, cotton, indigo, fruits; France: 
silks, woolens, linens, cottons, wine, brandy, toys; 
Germany: linens, grain, various manfactures of 
silver, copper, etc.; Great Britain : woolens, cottons, 
linens, hardware, porcelain ; Greenland: whale oil, 
whalebone, sealskins; Guiana: sugar, coffee, cot- 
ton, fruits, etc.; Holland: fine linens, woolens, 
butter, cheese, etc.; Hindostan: cotton, silks, rice, 
sugar, coffee, opium, indigo; Italy: silks, wines, 
grains, oil, fruits ; Ireland : linen, beef, butter, tal- 
low, hides, potatoes, barley ; Japan : silk, and cotton 
goods, Japan ware, porcelain ; Mexico : gold, silver, 
logwood, cochineal, fruits; Middle States: flour, 
wheat, salt, coal, cottons, woolens; Madeira and 
Canaries: wine, fruits; Newfoundland: codfish; 
New Grenada: indigo, sugar, coffee, cocoa, cotton, 
fruits; Persia: carpets, shawls, wine, silk, cotton, 
rice, rhubarb; Peru: silver, gold, Peruvian bark, 
mercury, sugar, fruits; Russia: hemp, iron, linen, 
grain, timber, furs, platina ; Southern States : cot- 
ton, rice, tobacco, corn, lumber, pitch; Spain and 
Portugal: silks, wool, wine, oil, fruits, salt; Sweden 
and Norway: iron, steel, copper, timber, fish; 



Teachers' Question Book. 107 

Switzerland: watches, jewelry, paper, lace, linen, 
cotton and silk goods ; Turkey : grain, fruits, cot- 
ton, oil, wine, carpets, swords; Venezuela: sugar, 
coflee, cocoa, cotton, indigo, fruits; West Indies: 
sugar, rum, molasses, coffee, spice, indigo; Western 
States : wheat, corn, lead, coal, salt, lime, beef, pork. 

64. The Eastern Continent, 32,192,000; the Western, 

14,500,000; the Australian, 3,000,000; Asia, 15,- 
552,000; Africa; 12,940,000; North America 8,000,- 
000; South America, 6,500,000; Oceanica, 4,500,000; 
Europe, 3,700,000. 

65. The Pacific Ocean, 70,000,000; Atlantic, 30,000,000; 

Indian, 25,000,000; Antarctic, 20,000,000; Arctic, 
2,000,000. The greatest width of the Pacific is 10,000 
miles; the Atlantic, 5,000; the Indian, 6,000. 

66. Mediterranean, Caribbean, Japan, Adriatic, Red, Cele- 

bes, Marmora, Kamtchatka, White, Black, North, 
Yellow, Irish, China, Baltic, Okhotsk, Ionian, Kara, 
Azor, Arabian. [For location, see map.] 

67. Greenland, Newfoundland, Anticosti, Prince Edward's, 

Cape Breton, Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, Long, 
Vancouver's, Bahama Isles, Cuba, Jamaica, Hayti, 
Portorico, Antigua, Gaudaloupe, Dominica, Martin- 
ique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Barbadoes, Marguerita. 

68. Joannes, Falkland Isles, Terra-del-Fuego, Hermit, 

Desolation, Wellington, Chiloe, Juan Fernandez, 
St. Felix. 

69. Iceland, Nova Zembla, Candia, Ionian Isles, Sicily, 

Sardinia, Corsica, Balearic Isles, British Isles, 
Shetland Isles, Orkney Isles, Wight, Anglesea, Man, 
Hebrides. 

70. Kurile Isles, Saghalien, Jesso, Niphon, Sikokf, Kiusiu, 

Loo-Choo Isles, Formosa, Hainan, Ceylon, Maldive, 
Laccadive. 

71. Socotra, Madagascar, Mauritius, Bourbon, St. Helena, 

Ascension, Cape Verde Isles, Canary Isles, Madeira 
Isles. 



io8 Teachers' Question Book. 

72. Sandwich Isles, New Guinea, Van Diemen's Land, 

Philipine Isles, Spice Isles, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, 
Celebes. 

73. Athabasca, Abbitibee, Allugas, Baikal, Champlain, 

Cayuga, Constance, Como, Dembea, Erie, Great 
Slave, Great Bear, Great Salt, Geneva, Huron, 
Humboldt, Itasca, Ladoga, Methye, Mistissinnie, 
Michigan, Memphremagog, Moosehead, Maracaybo, 
Nicaragua, Ontario, Oneida, Otsego, Onega, Simcoe, 
Superior, St. Clair, Seneca, Saima, Titicaca, Tchad, 
Winnepeg, Wener, Wetter, Zaisan. 

74. Hudson, Rhine, Ganges, Mississippi, Volga, Penobscot, 

Po, St. Lawrence, Connecticut, Danube, Wisconsin, 
Yang-tse-Kiang, Detroit, Elbe, Shannon, Indus, 
Tennessee, Illinois, Loire, Wabash, Humber, White, 
Theiss, Columbia, Muskingum, Alabama, Delaware, 
Vistula, Cumberland, Don, Alleghany, Amoor, Mo- 
bile, Kennebec, Ottawa, Weser, Thames, Nile, Mis- 
souri, Kentucky, Irrawaddy, Kansas, Oder, Forth, 
Red, Drave, Sacramento, Arkansas, Brazos, St. Clair. 

75. St. Lawrence, Acapulco, Chesapeake, Biscay, Tonquin, 

Bothnia, Guayaquil, San Francisco, Venezuela, Ly- 
ons, Baffin's, Passamaquoddy, Valentia, Genoa, 
Australia, Massachusetts, Havana, Penobscot, Geor- 
gian, Finland, California, Naples, Persian, Panama, 
Dublin, Guinea, Honduras, Bengal, Hudson, Taran- 
to, Galway, Trinity, Siam, Fundy, Georgia, Dela- 
ware, Campeche, Mexico, Green, Tampa, Casco. 

76. Banks, Melville, Barrow, Fury, Hudson, Belleisle, 

Northumberland, Canso, Mackinaw, Juan-de-Fuca, 
Davis, Magellen, Enikale, Bosphorus, Dardanelles, 
Otranto, Messina, Gibralter, Dover, Skager Rack, 
Cattegat, Bonifacio, Pentland, Menai, Little Minch, 
The Minch, Behring, Corea, Malacca, Ormus, Bap- 
el-Mandeb, La Perouse, Simonoski, Cook's, Torres, 
Bass, Macassar. 

77. Old Bahama, Windward, Mona, English, Bristol, St. 

George's, North, Tartary, Fermosa, Mozambique. 



Teachers' Question Book. 109 

78. Long Island, Albemarle, Pamlico, Smith's, Lancasters, 

Prince Regent, Wager, Chesterfield. 

79. Barrow, Bathurst, Churchill, Charles, Canso, Sable, 

Race, Ray, North, Breton, Cod, Malabar, May, 
Montauk Point, Henlopen, Charles, Henry, Hat- 
teras, Lookout, Fear, Canaveral, St. Bias, Roxo, 
Gracias a Dios, Gorda, Corrientes, St. Lucas, Men- 
docino, Flattery, Elizabeth, Prince of Wales, Maysi 
Point, Morant Point, False, Mole, Mala Pasque. 

80. Gallinas, Orange, North, St. Roque, Frio, San Antonio, 

Corrientes, Horn, Mexillones, Blanco. 

81. North, Sviatoi, Matapan, Spartivento, De Gata, St. 

Vincent, Finisterre, Ortegal, The Naze, Wrath, 
Dunnet Head, Land's End, Hartlancl Point. 

82. Sviatoi, East, Lopatka, Cambodia, Romania, Negrais, 

Comorin, Ras-al-Gat. 

83. Bon, Guardafui, Corrientes, Good Hope, Frio, Lopez, 

Palmas, Verde. 

84. York, Moretown, How, Coffin, North- West. 

85. Melville, Nova Scotia, New Jersey, Florida, Yucatan, 

Lower California, Alaska, Michigan, Scandinavian, 
Crimea, Greece, Italy, Spanish, Denmark, Kam- 
chatka, Corea, Farther India, Malay, Hindostan, 
Arabia. 

86. Panama, Kraw, Suez. 

87. White, Green, Adirondack, Catskill, Blue Ridge, 

Alleghany, Cumberland, Sierra Madre, Mexican 
Cordilleras, Coast, Cascade, Rocky, Mount St. Elias, 
Mount Fairweather, Cordillera de Cuba, Acaray, 
Brazilian, Andes, Geral, Dover Field, Kiolen, Ural, 
Balkan, Apennines, Pyrenees, Sierra Morena, Alps, 
Carpathian, Grampian, Cheviot, Wicklow, Altai, 
Peling, Meling, Himalaya, Hindoo Koosh, Ural, 
Kuen-Lun, Atlas, Lupata, Snow, Kong, Moon. 

88. Halifax, Baltimore, Vera Cruz, London, Marseilles, 

Melbourne, Elsinore, New Bedford, Sydney, Venice, 
Nangasaki, Amsterdam, Alexandria, Cape Town, 



no Teachers' Question Book. 

San Juan cle Nicaragua, Amoy, Buenos Ayres, 
Charlestown, Salem, Aberdeen, Aspinwall, Canton, 
Rotterdam, Palermo, Montevideo, Providence, Ma- 
tanzas, Tripoli, Lisbon, Lubeck, Smyrna, Naples, 
New York, Acapulco, Havana, Genoa, Acheen, 
Honolulu, Boston, Hull, New Orleans, Rio Janeiro, 
Maulmine, Tangier, Oporto, Shanghai, Calcutta, 
Valparaiso, Southampton, Brest, Panama, Nan- 
tucket, Leith, Simoda, Constantinople, Bremen, 
Mobile, Portland, Monrovia, Trieste, Bombay, 
Hamburg, St. John's, Limerick, Bangkok, Adelaide, 
Ningpo, Valencia, Portland, Dundee, San Francisco, 
Brighton, Manzanillo, Newburyport, Bordeaux, 
Savannah, Galway, Matanzas, Dublin, Monterey, 
Pernambuco, Bristol, Port Mahone, Ostend, Tunis, 
Newport, Brooklyn, Pensacola, New London, Olym- 
pia, Realejo, Havre, Waterford, Pondicherry, Ba- 
tavia, Newcastle, Callao, Belfast, Philadelphia, Cork, 
Galveston, Sacramento, Bahia, Liverpool, Settin, 
Antwerp, Quilimane, Madras, Leghorn, Marblehead, 
Norfolk, Londonderry, Key West, Jersey City, Wil- 
mington, Toulon, Barcelona, Para, Dover, Dantzic, 
Salonica, Mozambique, Columbo, Auckland. 

89. Quebec, Ottawa, Kingston, Toronto, Montreal, Three 
Rivers, Fredericton, Oswego, Rochester, Buffalo, 
Erie, Cleveland, Sandusky City, Toledo, Detroit, 
Saginaw, Kalamazoo, Grand Haven, Ann Arbor, 
Milwaukee, Racine, Kenosha, Chicago, Michigan 
City, Fond du Lac, Stillwater, Janesville, Prairie 
du Chien, Duluth, Winona, Dubuque, Kaskaskia, 
Rock Island, Peoria, Bloomington, Alton, St. Louis, 
Cairo, Memphis, Helena, Vicksburg, Natchez, New 
Orleans, Louisville, Cincinnati, Dayton, Lexington, 
Chattanooga, Tuscaloosa, Atlanta, Camden, Knox- 
ville, Pittsburg, Alleghany, Harper's Ferry, Troy, 
Sing Sing, Poughkeepsie, Saratoga, Utica, Spring- 
field, Worcester, Lowell, Manchester, Nashua, 
Burlington, Bangor, Leavenworth, Omaha, Council 
Bluffs, Greeley, San Jose, Sonoma, Salt Lake City, 



Teachers' Question Book. 1 1 1 

Oregon City, Comayagua, Parana, Mendoza, Santia- 
go, Chuquisaca, Lima, Popayan, Bogota, Angostura, 
Obidos, Assumption, Quito, Moscow, Astrachan, 
Sebastopol, Florence, Turin, Berne, Paris, Madrid, 
Lisbon, Brussels, Berlin, Frankfort, Vienna, St. 
Petersburg, Cronstadt, Belgrade, Pesth, Prague, 
Dresden, Cologne, Ghent, Eouen, Orleans, Lyons, 
Sheffield, Manchester, Glasgow, Tobolsk, Irkutsk, 
Lassa, Hue, Kelat, Cabul, Heart, Bokahara, Kho- 
kan, Khiva, Teheran, Mecca, Tiflis, Nankin, Pekin, 
Jerusalem, Damascus, Cairo, Gonclar, Cobbe, Sego, 
Timboo, Timbuctoo. 



ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON 
PHYSICAL GEOGEAPHY. 

1. That science which treats of the natural division of 

water, the atmosphere, and all organic life. 

2. The masts of a ship coming into a harbor are seen 

before the hull, and the shadow of the earth on 
the moon is always circular. 

3. By astronomical observation of the phenomena known 

as abberration of light. 

4. The orbit in which the earth revolves around the sun. 

5. The general structure of the earth beneath the surface, 

and the natural divisions of land. 

6. As stratified or unstratified : as fossiliferous or non- 

fossiliferous ; as igneous, metamorphic, or agneous. 

7. Into continental and pelagic. 

8. Continental islands are those which lie along the coasts 

of continents, and are generally long and narrow. 
Pelagic islands are those which are formed in the 



112 Teachers' Question Book. 

midst of seas, and are generally round or oblong. 
9. By volcanic eruptions. 

10. By the work of minute insects, which exist in the 

tropical parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. 

11. Lagoon islands or atolls, encircling reefs, barrier reefs, 

and fringing reefs. 

12. The lagoon islands are belts of coral formation enclos- 

ing a vacant space of ocean ; encircling reefs differ 
from the atolls by having one or more islands in 
the circle ; barrier reefs extend along the shores of 
continents or large islands ; fringing reefs are mere 
lines of coral near the shores. 

13. The vacant space enclosed by lagoon islands. 

14. Into three : those rising to an elevation of 20,000 feet 

or upwards; those between 10,000 and 20,000 feet, 
and those between 2,000 and 10,000 feet. 

15. Several connected systems. 

16. Six : the Rocky Mountains, California, Alleghany, An- 

dean, Parime, and Brazilian. 

17. Longitudinal valleys are those which separate parallel 

ridges of mountain chains, and extend in the same 
direction. Transverse valleys cut the ridges at 
right angle, and extend in an opposite direction. 

18. An extensive level tract considerably elevated above 

the level of the sea. 

19. It extends from the 50th parallel of north latitude 

between the Rocky mountains and the coast range 
of the, Pacific, through the central part of Mexico 
to the Isthmus of Panama, and may be divided in- 
to the Great Basin of Utah, the Great Mexican Pla- 
teau, and the table-lands of Central America. 

20. The Great Plateau of the Andes, the elevated plains 

of Quito, Bogota, and Popagan, and the table-land 
of Brazil. 

21. It is an extensive tract of lofty table-land stretching 

along the tops of the Andes between the parallels of 



Teachers' Question Book. 113 

15° and 3° south latitude, with an elevation of near- 
ly 13,000 feet. 

22. They are divided into the Central, Southern, and 

South-western Asia. 

23. The great desert of Gobi, and the table-land of Thibet. 

24. Those of Hindostan, Iran, Asia Minor, and Arabia. 

25. Those of Abyssinia, and South Africa. 

26. It is the Spanish peninsula, the whole central part of 

which consists of a series of lofty plains, divided 
from each other by parallel mountain chains. This 
plateau comprises 93,000 square miles, or nearly one 
half of the peninsula. 

27. A tract of country comparatively level, and but little 

elevated above the surface of the ocean. 

28. It extends from the Arctic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico, 

and from the Rocky Mountains to the Alleghanies ; 
and is divided about midway into a northern and 
southern slope. 

29. The entire peninsula east of the Andes, except the 

mountain systems and the Brazilian table-land ; 
and is divided into the llanos of the Oronoco, the 
salves of the Amazon, the pampas of the Argentine 
Confederation, and the barren wastes of Patagonia. 

30. The llanos are level, and of great extent. During the 

dry season they are parched, and seem desolate; 
but with the return of rain rich pastures are abund- 
ant. The salves are the forest plains of the Ama- 
zon, occupying the lower part of the Basin, extend- 
ing as far as the periodical inundation.- The pampas 
are covered with a heavy growth of grass, and afford 
sustenance to great herds of cattle and horses. The 
wastes of Patagonia are sterile tracts, covered with 
sand and gravel. 

31. It extends from the bay of Biscay and the North sea 

to Behring's strait. 

32. Steppes are barren plains in south-eastern Russia: 



114 Teachers' Question Book. 

heaths -are sanely tracts in northern Germany and 
Denmark ; landes are unfertile tracts in the south- 
ern part of France. 

33. It contains a great plain, extending from the foot of 

the Ural mountains to the Pacific ocean, and from 
the Altai mountains to the Arctic ocean. This 
plain, near the Arctic, is a barren and desolate re- 
gion, and the cold is so intense that the spongy soil 
is perpetually frozen to the depth of several hund- 
red feet. Near the Irtysh river, soil is rich and 
pasturage good, but there are few inhabitants. 

34. Sahara, the plains of Egypt, central Africa, and the 

regions of Zambezi. 

35. It is from 750 to 1200 miles in width, and 3000 miles 

in length. 

36. Of vast barren plains. 

37. As active, intermittent, and extinct. 

38. Those that have periods of rest. 

39. The central and lineal systems. 

40. The central consists of several vents grouped together, 

one of which usually serves as common point of 
eruption. The lineal consists of several vents, ex- 
tending in one direction, at no great distance from 
each other, forming, as it were, chimneys along an 
extended fissure. 

41. On the islands and shores of the Pacific Ocean. 

42. They consist of about fifty hot springs, occupying an 

area not exceeding twelve acres, in Iceland, about 
thirty-five miles from Mount Hecla. 

43. Convulsions of the earth, and are most common in 

volcanic districts. 

44. Horizontal, vertical and rotary. 

45. The waters upon the earth. 

46. Fountains of water which flow from reservoirs under 

neath the ground, and are classified as perennial, 
or constant, intermitting, and periodical. 



ov. 



Teachers' Question Book. 115 

Perennial springs are those which continue to flow at 
all seasons; the intermitting are those that alter- 
nately flow and stop ; the periodical depend upon 
the prevailing character of the seasons. 

The extent of country drained by that river and its 

branches. 
The margin of country which separates one basin 

from another. 

Into oceanic and continental. The oceanic are those 
that flow into the ocean, and are divided into five 
classes, one for each ocean. The continental are 
those rivers which never reach the ocean. 

The St. Lawrence basin, Atlantic slope, Mississippi 
valley, Texas slope, Pacific slope, inland basin of 
Utah, Red river. 

Four: first, those which receive no streams and have 
no outlet; second, those which receive no streams, 
and have an outlet; third, those which receive 
streams and have no outlet; fourth, those which 
both receive and discharge streams. 

53. It is generally a deep, bluish green, which becomes 

clearer near the coast. 

54. It is probably owing to the abundant rains at the equa- 

tor and the melting of ice at the poles. 

55. Waves, tides, and currents. 

56. Tides are elevations and depressions of the ocean at 

regular intervals, occurring twice in twenty-four 
hours ; the neap tides are the least ebb and flow 
of the water and are during the first and last quar- 
ter of the moon ; spring tides are the greatest ebb 
and flow of the water which occur at the time of 
the new and the full moon. 

57. The attraction of the moon and sun. 

58. They are like vast rivers, transporting its waters from 

one part to another, and are caused by the heat of 
the sun, rotation of the earth, the saltness of the 
sea, by winds, tides, and melting ice. 



n6 Teachers' Question Book. 

59. Into constant, periodical, and temporary. 

60. It issues from the gulf of Mexico, spreads out a breadth 

of 150 miles, and sweeps along the coast of North 
America to Newfoundland. Here it meets a cur- 
rent from the north, and divides into two branches, 
one of which takes a south-easterly course toward 
the western coast of Africa, while the other sets in 
a north-easterly direction toward the British Isles 
and Norway. 

61. A stream which runs by the side of, or beneath anoth- 

er current, and in an opposite direction. 

62. Of the atmosphere, temperature, winds and moisture 

(dews, fogs, rain, snow, and hail.) 

63. The quantity of sensible heat which a body possesses, 

as indicated by thermometer. 

64. The direction and the amount of the sun's rays, its 

vicinity to the sea, the prevailing winds to which 
it is exposed, and its elevation above the sea. 

65. Air in motion. 

66. As constant, periodical, and variable. Constant winds 

maintain nearly the same direction and rate through 
the entire year; periodical winds are those which 
regularly prevail at certain times of the day or 
year: variable winds are those which have no 
regularity. 

67. Trade winds are the constant winds in the equatorial 

regions, and as this region is the hottest part of the 

. earth, the air above becomes heated and rising 

blows over the colder air, which rushes in to supply 

the place of the warmer currents constantly rising. 

68. Land and sea breezes are those which blow in summer 

from the sea to the land during the greater part of 
the day, and from the land to the sea at night; 
they are caused by the different temperature of the 
land and water, the land being warmer than water 
in the day and colder at night. Monsoons are 
winds which prevail in the Indian Ocean, blow- 



Teachers' Question Book. 117 

ing part the year in one direction and part in an 
opposite. Etesian winds are periodicals which 
blow on the Mediteranean Sea in summer and owe 
their origin to the Sahara desert. The Northers 
are violent winds which sweep over the prairies of 
Texas and plains of Mexico. They prevail from 
October to March. 

69. The Simoon, Khamsin, Harmattan, Sirocco, and So- 

lano. The simoons prevail on the deserts of Ara- 
bia, Nubia, Persia, and Syria; the khamsin blow 
in Egypt, but are not so oppressive as the simoon; 
the sirocco is a well known hot wind of Greece and 
Itaty, and the solano of Spain, which owe their 
origin to the vicinity of the Sahara. 

70. The Pamperos and Bora. The pamperos are cold 

south-west winds which originate among the snows 
of the Andes, and sweep with great violence over 
the level pampas of South America. The bora is 
a north-east wind common on the eastern shores of 
the Gulf of Venice. 

71. The meeting of two winds at an angle. 

72. As hurricanes, typoons, ceylons, and tornadoes. 

73. In the West Indies, Indian ocean and the Chinese 

sea, The wind revolves. 

74. Columns of water raised by whirlwinds. 

75. Dew is moisture collected on substances during the 

night; hoar-frost is frozen dew; fogs are masses of 
vapor resting on or near the surface of the earth ; 
clouds are masses of visible vapor differing in no 
respect from fogs except in position ; rain is water, 
which, originally taken up in the atmosphere in the 
form of vapor, is returned to the earth in drops ; 
hail is frozen rain ; snow is the frozen vapor of the 
atmosphere. 

76. The cirrus, cumulus, stratus, and nimbus. The cirrus 

occupy the highest position in the atmosphere, and 
resemble a lock of hair, being composed of parallel 



1 1 8 Teachers' Question Book. 

streaks ; the cumulus resemble a mountain of snow, 
and are most common in summer ; the stratus con- 
sist of horizontal bands near the surface of the earth 
and belong to the night; the nimbus is the rain 
cloud and much more dense than the others, al- 
though the others may change to the nimbus. 

77. Into rainless regions, regions of periodical rains, and 

regions of frequent rains. 

78. Glaciers are great masses of ice and snow, which are 

formed in the polar regions, or on the sides of moun- 
tains ; icebergs are great masses of fresh water ice 
broken off by the waves from the glaciers in the 
polar seas. 

79. Large masses of snow and ice, which roll down the 

sides of mountains. 

80. The condition of the atmosphere with regard to heat 

and cold, moisture and dryness, healthiness or un- 
healthiness. 

81. The latitude of a place; its hight above the level of 

the sea ; the position and direction of the mountain 
chains ; its distance from the sea ; the slope of the 
country; the character of the soil; the degree of 
cultivation and density of the population; the 
quantity of rain that falls. 

82. Lines which are drawn through all places, which have 

nearly the same mean annual temperature. 

83. Into six: the torrid, hot, warm, temperate, cold, and 

frigid. 

84. It is that department of Physical Geography, which 

treats of all vegetable and animal life. 

85. Botanical Geography, Zoological Geography, and 

Ethnography. Botanical Geography treats of the 
different divisions of the vegetable kingdom and 
their geographical distribution ; Zoological Geogra- 
phy treats of the different divisions of the animal 
kingdom and their geographical distribution ; Eth- 
nography treats of the different varieties of the 
human race and their location. 



Teachers' Question Book. 119 

86. Into the cryptogamous (flowerless), and the pheno- 

gamous (flowering). 

87. The mosses, lichens, fungi, ferns, and sea weeds. 

88. Into the endogenous (increasing from within, as grass- 

es, sugar-cane, corn etc.) ; and exogenous (increas- 
ing by coatings from without, as the trees of the 
forest etc). 

89. Rice, bananas, bread-fruit, dates, cocoanuts, yams, 

cassava and sago. 

90. Wheat, potatoes, corn, rye, oats, and barley. 

91. 1st, Vertebrated (those having an internal skeleton 

joined to the backbone, and comprise four classes: 
1st, mammalia, as horse, 'dog, cat, etc; 2d, birds; 
3d, reptiles; 4th, fishes). 2d, Molluscous (those 
having no skeleton, as oysters, snails, mussel, etc.) 
3d, Articulated (those which have joints or rings, 
as the lobster, worms, spiders, and insects). 4th, 
Radiated (those whose organs are arranged like 
rays, proceeding from a center, as the coral insect, 
and many microscopic animals.) 

92. Quadrumana (four-handed) : monkey, ape. 

Carnivora (flesh-eaters) : bear, cat, dog. 
Marsupialia (pouched): opossum, kangaroo. 
Rodentia (gnawers) ; beaver, squirrel, rat. 
Edentata (toothless) : sloth, armadillo. 
Pachydermata (thick skinned) : elephant, hare, hog. 
Ruminantia (chewing the cud) : camel, ox, sheep. 
Marine Mammalia : whale,, dolphin, seal. 



ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON 
PHYSIOLOGY. 

1. They change unceasingly. 

2. Food is the material we eat, changed by the action of 

the system into living flesh. 



120 Teachers' Question Book. 

3. The mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, 

and intestinal canal. 

4. Sixteen in each jaw: four incisors in the center; one 

canine next to the incisors, on each side ; then two 
bicuspids, and three molars. 

5. They are glands which empty their fluids into the 

mouth. The two larger ones, situated between the 
ear and upper part of the jaw, and are called paro- 
tid glands. Two smaller ones situated about half 
way between the angle of the jaw and the symphe- 
sis, or center, are called submaxillary. Smaller 
ones still, underneath the tongue, are called sub- 
lingual. Their function is to secrete fluid which 
moistens the food during mastication, and assists, 
in a measure, in digestion. 

6. It is separated from the mouth by the palate. Four 

passages open out of it: one leads forward to the 
mouth; a second, upward to the nose; a third, 
downward to the lungs; and a fourth, backward 
to the stomach. 

7. A small valve placed over the mouth of the trachea, 

admitting air, but excluding all foreign substances. 

8. It is a soft muscular tube extending from the pharynx 

to the stomach, and is about nine inches in length, 
and some less than one inch in diameter. It is 
composed principally of two muscular coats, the 
fibers of one running lengthwise of the tube, and 
the fibers of the other passing around it in a circu- 
lar manner. 

9. Upon being forced back in the mouth to the pharynx 

it causes, by its presence, the muscles of the phar- 
ynx to contract upon it. This is the act of swallow- 
ing, and is beyond the control of the will. The 
circular fibers of the muscles of the oesophagus, 
seize upon the morsel of food, and contracting, force 
it downward until it reaches the stomach. 

10. It is an oval shaped sac, situated below the diaphragm 



Teachers' Question Book. 121 

on the same plane with the liver, and lies mostly 
on the left side of the spine. It has two openings : 
an upper, or cardiac orifice, where the oesophagus 
enters ; and a lower, or pyloric orifice, which enters 
into the duodenum. It is composed of three coats : 
an outer, or serous coat, which is the same as that 
which lines the whole abdomen; a middle, or mus- 
cular coat, composed of two layers of fibers, longi- 
tudinal and circular, the contractions of which move 
the food about the stomach during digestion ; and 
an inner, or mucous coat, containing the gastric 
tubules which secrete the gastric juice. 

11. The presence of food in the stomach causes the gastric 

juice to be thrown out. The muscles of the stom- 
ach move the food about, which causes the gastric 
juice to be thoroughly intermingled with it. The 
gastric juice reduces the food to a pulpy mass, which 
occurs, usually, in three or four hours, and is then 
passed out the stomach at the pyloric orifice. The 
gastric juice is composed of an acid, supposed to be 
lactic or hydrochloric acid, and an organic substance 
called pepsine. 

12. A sensation of want of more nutriment in the body; 

and is caused by the action of the blood on the 
terminal branches of the nerves in the mucous coat 
of the stomach. 

13. The lungs lie within the walls of the thorax, separated 

' from the abdomen by a broad muscle, the dia- 
phragm. Under the right lung, below the dia- 
phragm, lies the liver ; and to the left is the stomach. 

14. A pulpy substance, called chyme. 

15. It does not ; they are digested by the pancreatic and 

intestinal juices. 

16. About 100°. ' 

17. It can. If food be thoroughly mixed with dilute hy- 

drochloric acid and pepsine, and kept at an equal 
temperature of 100°, it will be reduced in a few 
hours to a homogeneous mass somewhat resembling- 
chyme. 



122 Teachers' Question Book. 

18. It is no valve, but simply a narrowing or contraction 

of the pyloric end of the stomach. 

19. Into the duodenum. 

20. It is composed of three coats, arranged in a manner 

similar to the stomach, and for similar purposes. 
The mucous coat secretes the intestinal juice, which 
aids digestion. It is divided into the large and 
small intestines : the small intestine is subdivided 
into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum ; between 
the ileum and the large intestine is a perfect valve, 
which allows nothing to pass back that has once 
entered the large intestine from the ileum. 

21. A long, narrow gland, situated immediately below and 

behind the stomach. It secretes the pancreatic 
juice, which is emptied into the duodenum, and 
digests the fatty parts of food. 

22. Numberless minute tubules in the intestinal mucous 

membrane, which take up by absorption the nutri- 
ment, and convey it to the blood. These tubules 
join together, forming other tubules, which again 
join, and continue to do so until all are united in 
the thoracic duct. 

23. The duct into which all the lacteal absorbents empty; 

and is sometimes called the thoracic duct. It passes 
upward along the spine, and empties into the left 
subclavian vein. 

24. The lacteal absorbents, the tubes which they form by 

joining together, and the lacteal duct, — all together 
form the lacteal system. 

25. Food reduced to a whitish colored fluid, and ready to 

be absorbed by the lacteals. 

26. To form bile, the elements of which are separated from 

the blood. It is emptied through a duct into the 
duodenum, and serves to keep the intestinal con- 
tents in a healthy condition. 

27. On the left side the spine, below the pancreas. It is 

a ductless gland ; and its office is not for a certain- 
ty known. 



Teachers' Question Book. 123 

28. In growing persons there is increased action in the 

system ; so there is increased waste, and, conse- 
quently, a greater demand for material. The body 
is increasing in size, also, and food is required to 
build it. In convalescents, the material wasted 
during sickness has to be restored. 

29. That to please the palate, food that is not easily di- 

gested is eaten, and more than the system requires. 

30. The nervous force of the part is increased, and the 

circulation of the blood quickened, to supply the 
waste, and support its powers. 

31. A waste of the particles of the system, by exercise 

greater than the new materials supplied by the 
blood. Rest is the restoration of the materials 
wasted by fatigue. 

32. Those in whom the nervous system predominates, who 

are easily elated or depressed, whose mental actions 
are performed with rapidity, are said to have a ner- 
vous temperament, Those in whom the circulatory 
system predominates, who are strong, but at the 
same time active, who are bold and resolute, and 
always hopeful, are said to have a sanguine tem- 
perament. Those in whom the physical system 
predominates, who are strong in mind and body, 
but not quick, who are calm, steady, and persever- 
ing, are said to have a bilious temperament. Those 
in whom the lymphatic system predominates, who 
are indisposed to exertion and unexcitable, are said 
to have a lymphatic temperament. These four 
temperaments may be variously combined. 

33. It is taken up by the lacteal absorbents, carried through 

the lacteal tubes, to the thoracic duct, and from 
that, emptied into the left subclavian vein near 
the heart. 

34. The heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins. 

35. It is a hollow, muscular organ of a conical form, plac- 

ed between the lungs, lying more in the left than 



124 Teachers' Question Book. 

the right cavity of the chest. It is about five inches 
in length, three inches and a half in breadth, and 
two inches and a half in thickness; and weighs 
from eight to twelve ounces. It is divided by a 
septum into two lateral halves; and a transverse 
constriction divides each half into two cavities, 
the upper cavity on each side being called the au- 
ricle and the lower, the ventricle. 

36. Three: the arteries, veins, and capillaries. The ar- 
teries are tubular vessels, which serve to convey 
the blood fromjboth ventricles of the heart to every 
parts of the body. They are composed of three 
coats : internal, middle, and external. The middle 
coat consists of muscular and elastic fibres princi- 
pally, which make the larger .arteries very elastic. 
The arteries are supplied with nutrient arteries and 
nerves. The capillaries are minute terminal 
branches of the arteries, and pervade nearly every 
tissue of the body in a vast network. The veins 
return the blood from the capillaries to the heart, 
communicating very freely with one another. 

87. In the pulmonary circulation the blood is conveyed 
to the lungs to be purified and then brought back 
to the heart; in the systemic circulation the blood 
is carried to every part of ths system, and returned 
by the veins to the heart. 

38. By a contraction of the heart the blood is forced from 
the left ventricle through the aortic valves into the 
aorta, and through all the arteries of the body, to 
the upper and lower extremities, and the internal 
organs. From these various points it enters the 
capillaries, where all the changes in the system are 
produced; and is then taken up by the veins, and 
returned as venous blood to the right auricle of the 
heart. From the right auricle it passes through- a 
valvular constriction into the right ventricle; from 
the right ventricle it is forced through valves into 
the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs ; 
and from the lungs returned again to the heart 



Teachers' Question Book. 125 

through the pulmonary veins, entering the left auri- 
cle of the heart, and passing to the left ventricle, 
the point of commencement. 

39. The largest artery in the systemic circulation. It 

passes upward from the heart at first, describes a 
curve, and goes downward, passing through the 
diaphragm, and along the spinal column. The curv- 
ed portion is called the arch of the aorta; between 
the arch and the diaphragm it is called the thoracic 
aorta; below the diaphragm, the abdominal aorta. 
The carotids are arteries carrying blood upwards 
along the neck;- the left carotid arises from the arch 
of the aorta; the right from the arteria innominata, 
a large vessel springing from the arch. The sub- 
clavian carry blood to the arms. The left arises 
from the arch of the aorta; the right from the ar- 
teria innominata. 

40. The gastric artery, arising from the ccelic, which arises 

from the abdominal aorta; also, a branch from the 
splenic artery, and one from the hepatic. The liver 
is supplied by the hepatic artery, a branch of the 
ccelic axis. The spleen is supplied by the splenic- 
artery, the third branch of the ccelic axis ; the kid- 
neys by the renal arteries; the intestinal canal by 
the superior and inferior messenteric arteries; and 
the heart by the coronary arteries, small branches 
from the aorta. 

41. ^ There are two vessels by this name: one called the 

superior, and the other the inferior vena cava. The 
superior vena cava is formed by the junction of the 
two innominate veins, which in. turn are formed 
from the subclavian and jugular veins. The inferior 
vena cava is formed from the junction of the two 
iliac veins, which are supplied by the femoral and 
other veins. Both vessels empty into the right 
auricle of the heart. 

42. By the contraction of the heart, which forces theblood 

from one chamber to another; first, from the right 



126 Teachers' Question Book. 

auricle to the right ventricle, then to the lungs, and 
back to the heart, passing through the left auricle 
and the left ventricle. 

43. The pulmonary arteries convey venous blood from 

the heart to the lungs, where it is purified, and then 
returned to the heart by the pulmonary veins as 
arterial blood. 

44. Valves placed at proper intervals on the inner coat of 

the veins. The long veins are the best supplied ; 
some veins have no valves. 

45. Venous blood is of a dark purple color, loaded with 

the waste particles of the system. The arterial blood 
is of a bright scarlet color, purified of all waste 
matter, rich in oxygen and nutritious elements. 

46. It purifies the venous blood by means of the air in 

the lungs, which gives up its oxygen, and absorbs 
the carbon and other impurities. 

47. The action of the heart which is like a pump; for 

when the arterial blood is forced out, it- leaves a 
vacuum for the venous blood to flow in ; also the 
pressure of the muscles on the veins by contraction ; 
and perhaps a power from behind, or capillary force, 
in the capillaries. 

48. In the capillaries. 

49. They are thrown out of the system by the lungs, by 

the skin, by the kidneys, and by the liver and 
intestines. 

50. The lungs are placed, one in each of the lateral cavities 

of the chest, separated from each other by the 
heart; and are conical in shape. The right lung 
is larger than the other, and has three lobes ; the 
left lung has two. The weight of both lungs is 
about forty-two ounces; the color, in young per- 
sons, is of a pinkish white, but mottled with dark 
spots as age advances. The substance of the lung 
is of a light, spongy texture. Passing through it 
in every direction from the trachea are numerous 



Teachers' Question Book. 127 

tubes, Galled bronchial tubes, growing smaller as 
they subdivide. Each tube ends in a minute cell, 
or vesicle, the air-cell; and it is on the walls of 
each of these little air-cells that the blood is brought 
in contact with the air and purified. The trachea 
conveys the air to the bronchial tubes : at its upper 
part is the larynx, a little chamber with small 
cords, called vocal cords, stretched across it, by 
means of which voice is produced. 

51. The spinal column is composed of twenty-four verte- 

brae, the sacrum, and coccyx ; and is a little over 
two feet in length. The vertebra? are separated 
from one another by a thick piece of elastic carti- 
lage, which saves the body from jars. Twelve of the 
vertebrae in the thoracic region support the twelve 
ribs on each side. The sternum, a flat, sword- 
shaped bone, consisting of three pieces, forms the 
front part of the thorax, and supports the ribs by 
means of their cartilages. The ribs are curved, and 
join the spine behind, and the sternum in front. The 
lower five are called false ribs, because their con- 
nection with the sternum is not so close as that of 
the others. 

52. The skull is divided into the cranium and face ; the 

cranium is composed of eight bones, the face of 
fourteen. 

53. The humerus of the arm, and the radius and ulna 

of the forearm. In the wrist are eight small bones, 
arranged in two layers. In the hands are the five 
metacarpal bones and fourteen phlanges. 

54. In the thigh, the femur; in the leg, the tibia and fibu- 

la; in the ankle, seven small bones; in the foot, 
five metacarpal bones and fourteen phlanges ; also, 
the patella, or knee-pan. 

55. The clavicle is the collar bone, extending between the 

sternum and shoulder. The scapula is a broad, flat, 
triangular bone, called the shoulder blade^, it forms 
part of the shoulder joint. 



128 Teachers' Question Book. 

56. Four: the hinge joint, as in the elbow; the ball and 

socket joint, as in the shoulder and thigh; a com- 
bination of the hinge joint with a rotary movement, 
as in the neck ; and a joint with a sliding move- 
ment, as between the clavicle and sternum. Joints 
are held together by ligaments. 

57. Between the head and the first vertebra is a hinge 

joint; and between the first and second vertebra? 
is a joint with a rotary movement, formed by a 
tooth-like projection from the second vertebra, 
which serves as an axis for the first to play upon. 
These two joints combined give the various move- 
ments to the head. 

58. By a ball and socket joint. The socket is a deep cut 

called the acetabulum. 

59. It is a bony cavity at the lower part of the spine, com- 

posed of the sacrum, coccyx, and the two innomi- 
nate bones, or hip bones. 

60. That a rotary movement is %given to the hand by the 

radius rotating in a fibrous socket at the elbow, 
and a corresponding movement at the wrist between 
the ulna and hand. 

61. 204 besides the teeth and the patellae or knee-caps. 

62. Of animal and earthy matter: two-thirds earthy and 

one-third animal. The earthy matter is principally 
carbonate and phosphate of lime. Bone is made 
of two kinds of tissue; a dense, hard tissue, like 
ivory, which is on the outside and forms the shell : 
and a porous or cancellated tissue, always found 
on the inside of the bone. 

63. In joints; its function is to secrete a liquid which 

lubricates the joint. 

64. When a ligament or some fibres of a ligament are torn 

or much stretched, by an accident, the joint is said 
to be sprained. 

65. The active organs of locomotion. They are formed of 

bundles of reddish fibres endowed with the prop- 



Teachers' Question Book. 129 

erty of contractility. There are two kinds of muscles : 
those under control of the will, called muscles of 
animal life; and those over which the will has no 
control, called muscles of organic life. The two 
kinds are sometimes joined together. The muscles 
serve to produce all the motions of the body. 

66. About 527 ; the number varies. 

67. Through the nervous system. Every muscle of animal 

life is supplied with nerves through which the mind 
operates. 

68. It is a muscle of organic life. 

69. Principally by the aid of the diaphragm, which con- 

tracting produces a vacuum in the lungs, and air 
rushes in to fill the space. 

70. Inspiration is the act of taking air into the lungs; 

expiration is the act of forcing it out. 

71. The larynx. 

72. By the air rushing over the vocal cords. 

73. A spasmodic action of the muscles of expiration 

forcing the air out violently through the mouth. 
Sneezing is the same action, only the mouth is 
closed, and the air rushes through the nose. 

74. It poisons the system, the expired air being loaded 

with waste matter and carbonic acid. 

75. Three : by being deprived of oxygen ; by being loaded 

with carbonic acid; by being rilled with waste 
matter from the lungs, skin, etc., or other poisonous 
materials. 

76. About 4 cubic feet. 

77. About 384 cubic inches. 

78. They grow dull and sleepy from the action of the 

poisonous matter in the air. 

79. Eighteen. 

80. 98° to 100°. 

81. The carbon of the food and the oxygen of the air. 



130 Teachers' Question Book. 

These two unite and produce heat similar to the 
way in which heat is produced by sensible com- 
bustion. 

82. Because it supplies more carbon, and gives more heat. 

83. Perspiration. .,,', 

84. In insensible perspiration the moisture is absorbed by 

the air as fast as formed; in sensible perspiration 
the moisture is exuded too fast to be immediately 
absorbed, and is left in small drops upon the skin. 

85. It is composed of two layers : the derma, or true skin, 

and the epidermis, or cuticle. On the surface of 
the former are the sensitive papillae; and within 
or beneath it, are the sweat-glands, hair-follicles, 
and sebaceous glands. The cuticle, or scarf skin, 
is a thin layer which is for the purpose of protect- 
ing the derma. 

86. It is an outgrowth from the skin. It has a root which 

is bulbous ; and a shaft which is hollow, in which 
the coloring matter is contained. The hollow ceases 
near the point. 

87. The nails are also outgrowths from the skin. They are 

flattened elastic structures of a horny nature, and 
are firmly connected with the cutis. 

88. In the cuticle, by the presence of a pigment there. 

89. About five-eighths. 

90. A most intimate connection. As the blood finds its 

way freely through it, it serves to relieve internal 
organs when the circulation is disturbed. 

91. It protects the body; it regulates the heat of the body 

by means of its sweat-follicles ; and it throws out 
much waste matter. 

92. The skin, lungs, kidneys, liver, and intestines. 

93. The stomach and intestines particularly; and some- 

times the skin. The lungs bring oxygen. 

94. The brain, spinal cord, and the nerves. 



Teachers' Question Book. 131 

95. It is divided into two principal parts, the cerebrum 

and cerebellum. The first is divided by a deep 
fissure into two lateral halves, called hemispheres. 
The under part of the cerebellum is divided in the 
same way. The cerebrum is much the larger part 
of the brain, and occupies the anterior portion of 
the skull. Its surface is indented with numerous 
convolutions. The outer portion of gray color, is 
called the cortical substance ; the inner portion, of 
light color, is called the medullary substance. The 
cerebrum is separated from the cerebellum by a 
strong, fibrous tissue. The brain is protected by 
three membranes which cover it. 

96. The olfactory nerve, the optic, the facial and auditory, 

the pneumogastric, and others, nine in all. Some 
authors divide the seventh and eighth pair, and 
make three more nerves. 

97. It extends from the brain, through the whole length 

of the spinal column. It gives off thirty pair of 
nerves, which divide and subdivide until they 
reach every part of the body. 

98. Two : motor and sensory. 

99. The nerves upon which the impression is made, the 

trunk which conveys the impression, and the brain 
which receives it and perceives it. 

100. They are. The amount of blood they receive is reg- 

ulated by the nerves. 

101. They do. 

102. It would stop. 

103. It is placed in a deep bony socket. It contains two 

humors: the aqueous humor, a transparent fluid 
in the anterior portion of the eye ; and the vitreous 
humor, transparent and jelly-like, in the posterior 
portion, and forms the greater part of the eye. 
Between these two humors is the chrystalline lens, 
a double convex lens. 

104. It is a dense fibrous coat, covering the whole eye 



132 Teachers' Question Book. 

except in front, in which the cornea is placed, a 
transparent and strong tissue. The choroid is the 
middle coat, and contains a black pigment which 
absorbs such rays of light as are not needed for 
vision. 

105. A delicate nervous membrane, lining the inner sur- 

face of the choroid coat. The images of external 
objects are received upon it. Behind it is continuous 
with the optic nerve. 

106. It is a thin, circular-shaped curtain suspended behind 

the cornea in the aqueous humor, and connected 
at its circumference with the choroid coat. A small 
opening in its center admits the rays of light, and 
is called the pupil. 

107. The lens loses its convexity in some degree, and the 

rays of light are not concentrated at short distances 
upon the retina; the person becomes far-sighted. 

108. In one who is near-sighted the lenses are too convex ; 

in one who is long-sighted the lenses are not con- 
vex enough. 

109. The lining membrane of the lids secrete the lubrica- 

ting fluid ; the lachrymal glands, in the upper and 
outer part of the orbit, secrete the tears. The tears 
clean the eye of any particles of foreign matter; 
and upon reaching the inner corner of the eye pass 
into the lachrymal canal and nasal duct into the 
nose. 

110. A membranous canal, about three quarters of an inch 

in length, extending from the inner corner of the 
eye into the nose. 

111. A mucous membrane which lines the eyelids, and is 

reflected over the fore part of the sclerotic coat and 
cornea. 

112. Because the muscles that govern the movements of 

the eyeball do not act in harmony ; one muscle is 
more powerful than another, and draws the eye to 
one side. 



Teachers' Question Book. 133 

113. The external ear, the internal ear, and the passage 

between them. 

114. The external ear is composed principally of stiff car- 

tilage; and its shape is that which is best adapted 
to catch sounds, and transmit them to the internal 
ear. The canal leading inwards is about an inch 
in length; and is covered with hair and wax to 
protect it from insects. A thin membrane, the cov- 
ering of the drum of the ear is stretched across the 
canal, and separates it from the internal ear. 

115. The internal ear consists of a cavity filled with air 

behind the membrane of the drum, and three small 
bones, which reach from the membrane to the laby- 
rinth, where the auditory nerve is spread out in 
numerous filaments to receive impressions of sound. 

116. A canal passing from the internal ear to the back 

part of the mouth, and serves as a vent to the air 
in the drum of the ear. 

117. The pulsations of air pass along the external canal, 

cause the membrane of the drum to vibrate, which 
transmits the vibrations by the air and the three 
small bones to the labyrinth, where, in some unex- 
plained manner, the filaments of the auditory nerve 
receive the impression, which is conveyed to the 
brain, and we hear. 



ANSWEES TO QUESTIONS OX 
CIVIL aOYEE^ME^T. 

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1. A formal and explanatory introduction. 

2. The right to make and enforce laws, and are vested 

in a Congress of the United States. 

3. An assemblage especially applied to the two Houses 

of legislative power in the United States. 



134 Teachers' Question Book. 

4. The upper House of a Legislature or Congress. The 

lower House. 

5. Senators are elected by the legislatures of the states 

for a term of six years, each state being entitled to 
two ; representatives are elected by the people for 
a term of two years, each state being represented 
according to its population. 

6. Twenty-five years, and seven years a citizen. 

7. According to the population of the states. 

8. An official enumeration of the people, with a state- 

ment of their property, pursuits, age, etc. 

9. By the executive authority of the state. 

10. Speaker, chief clerk, and sergeant-at-arms. 

11. Three ; one class being elected every second year. 

12. Vice-president of the United States, and is entitled to 

the casting vote. 

13. The executive of the state may make a temporary ap- 

pointment, until the next meeting of the legislature. 

14. Thirty years of age, and nine years a citizen. 

15. The Senate elects one, pro tern. 

16. By the Senate and House of Representatives, sitting 

under oath, the chief justice presiding, who may 
impeach him, which prohibits him from holding 
any office of trust under the United States, and 
makes him amenable to the common law. 

17. The legislatures of the different states, although Con- 

gress may determine the time, etc. for the election 
of representatives. 

18. Each House is the judge of the elections, returns and 

qualifications of its members. 

19. A majority ; but a smaller number may compel others 

to attend, under penalty. 

20. Not for more than three days, without the consent of 

the other House. 

21. It shall, and print the same, unless secresy is required. 



Teachers' Question Book. 1 35 

22. When one-fifth of those present shall request it. 

23. The first Monday in December ; but it may be con- 

vened by the president, when necessary, or Congress 
may adjourn from time to time. 

24. Bylaw; and are paid from the treasury. 

25. Only for felony, treason, or breach of the peace ; nor 

can he be questioned in any other place for any 
speech or debate in Congress. 

26. He can not. 

27. In the House of Representatives. Revenue is the in- 

come of government, arising from taxes, duties, etc. 

28. By passing both Houses of Congress, and receiving 

the sanction of the president ; but if returned with- 
in ten days, Sundays excepted, with his objections, 
it does not become a law, unless reconsidered and 
passed by a two-thirds vote of both Houses. 

29. Adjournment. 

30. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to 

provide for the general welfare of the United States. 

31. Duties and imposts are taxes levied on imports ; excises 

are taxes on home commodities. 

32. A writ to deliver a person from illegal imprisonment ; 

and can only be suspended in cases of treason, or 
when the public safety requires it. 

33. A special act of the legislature inflicting capital pun- 

ishment upon persons supposed to be guilty of 
high crimes, without the process of law. 

34. A law making an act criminal which was not so when 

done. 

35. By a systematic course of law. 

36. It cannot. 

37. To defray the expenses of the government. 

38. Not unless in imminent danger from invasion. 

39. In a president. 

40. Any citizen born in the United States, thirty-five years 



136 Teachers' Question Book. 

of age, and fourteen years a resident; and is elected 
by an electoral college chosen by the people. 

41. He is subject to the same conditions as the president. 

42. The president. 

43. Leases of impeachment. 

44. He has the right with the consent of two-thirds the 

Senate. 

45. By an appointment by the president. 

46. An article directed to Congress, stating the condition 

of the country, and proposing such measures as he 
may judge necessary and expedient. 

47. For treason, bribery, and other high crimes and mis- 

demeanors. 

48. One Supreme Court and such inferior courts as Con- 

gress may from time to time establish. 

49. During good behavior or life ; and their power extends 

to all cases arising under the Constitution, the laws 
of the United States, and cases that can not be 
settled in the Supreme Court of any state. 

50. In the state where the crime was committed. 

51. Crimes subject to impeachment. 

52. Levying war against the United States, or giving aid 

or comfort to its enemies ; and is punished by 
Congress. 

53. On demand of the executive authority he can. 

54. By consent of Congress. 

55. From territories having 30,000 inhabitants, or from 

states or parts of states with the consent of the 
states concerned. 

56. A republican form of government, and protection. 

57. By two-thirds vote of both Houses of Congress, or by 

the action of the legislatures of two-thirds the 
states, ratified in either case by three-fourths of all 
the states. 

58. The Constitution and laws of the United States. All 



Teachers' Question Book. 137 

government officers and representatives are bound 
by oath to support it. 

59. Forty-one. 

60. Fifteen: the first ten were adopted at the first session 

of Congress. 

61. The right of the citizens of the United States to vote 

shall not be denied or abridged by the United States 
or any state, on account of race, color, or previous 
condition of servitude. 



CONSTITUTION OF WISCONSIN. 

1. That all men are created equal, and have certain inher- 

ent rights, as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happi- 
ness. 

2. To freely speak, write, and publish his sentiments on 

all subjects; but is liable for the abuse of it. 

3. Yes; if their assemblies are peaceable and for the 

common good. 

4 . The right of trial by jury. 

5. No. 

6. The right to be heard by himself and counsel, to de- 

mand the cause of the accusation, to meet the wit- 
nesses face to face, to compel the attendance of 
witnesses in his behalf, and the right to a speedy 
public trial by an impartial jury, within the district 
where it is charged the offence was committed. 

7. He can not. 

8. Law administered by the military, superceding the 

civil law; and is only allowed in times of public 
danger. 

9. Levying war against the state, or giving its enemies 

aid and comfort. 

10. By the testimony of two witnesses on the same act, 
or by confession in open court. 



138 Teachers' Question Book. 

11. They are. 

12. It can not. 

13. He is not. 

14. By the governor issuing a writ for a new election. 

15. That the owners of lands are guaranteed absolute 

ownership. 

16. Lands held by military or other service ; not allowed. 

17. He cannot; and has a reasonable amount of property 

exempted from seizure or sale for the payment of 
any debt. 

18. The right of every man to worship Almighty God ac- 

cording to the dictates of his own conscience. 

19. It has not. 

20. No. 

21. A writ authorizing a court to examine its records and 

correct them. It is not prohibited. 

22. Every male person of the age of twenty-one or up- 

wards, who shall have resided in the state one year 
next preceding the election, except Indians, not 
citizens, criminals, and insane people. 

23. By secret ballot, at such places within the ward or 

township as the people may decide, on the first 
Tuesday in April, and the first Tuesday after the 
first Monday in November, as directed by law. 

24. He does not. 

25. Persons convicted of bribery, larceny, or any infamous 

crime, or any one interested in any bet or wager 
depending upon the result of any election. 

26. Those empowered to make or alter laws, and consists 

of a senate and assembly. 

27. A senate and assembly. 

28. The senate shall have no more than one-third, and 

no less than one-fourth of the number of assem- 
blymen; the assembly shall have no more than 
one hundred, and no less than fifty-four. 



Teachers' Question Book. 139 

29. The assembly has one hundred, and the senate thirty- 

three. 

30. Any qualified elector. The assemblymen are chosen 

annually by single districts ; the Senators are chosen 
every two years, by single districts, and are divided 
into two classes, so that one-half are chosen each 
year. The election takes place on the Tuesday 
succeeding the first Monday in November. 

31. He can not. 

32. The lieutenant-governor. 

33. A chief clerk and sergeant-at-arms. 

34. At the seat of government once each year; and no 

oftener unless convened by the governor. 

35. Not for more than three days without consent of the 

other house,, 

36. No, but the Constitution may be so amended that the 

articles may become a law. 

37. They are free from arrest except in cases of treason, 

felony, and breach of the peace, nor shall they be 
subject to any legal process during the session of 
the legislature, nor for fifteen days next preceding 
the commencement of each session, nor for fifteen 
days after the termination; and they are not liable 
for anything spoken in debate. 

38. Thus : " The people of the State of Wisconsin, represent- 

ed in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows : — " 

39. In either house; and may be amended by the other 

house. 

40. When one-sixth of those present shall desire it. 

41. Three hundred and fifty dollars, with the addition of 

ten cents for every mile he shall travel in going to 
and from the place of meeting of the legislature, 
by the most usual route. 

42. The legislature. 

43. It does not. 

44. That the contract shall be let to the lowest bidder: 



140 Teachers' Question Book. , 

but no member shall be interested in any such 
contract. 

45. It shall direct in what manner and in what court the 

suit shall be brought. 

46. Members of the legislature, and all officers, executive 

and judicial, except such inferior officers as may 
be exempt by law. The oath or affirmation shall 
be to support the Constitution of the United States, 
and the Constitution of the state of Wisconsin, and 
faithfully to discharge their duties to the best of 
their ability. 

47. In a governor and lieutenant-governor, for a term of 

two years. 

48. By the qualified electors of the state, at the times and 

places of choosing members of the legislature. 

49. By the legislature in joint ballot choosing one of the 

persons, having an equal and highest number votes. 

50. The governor. 

51. The sole power to convene the legislature on extra- 

ordinary occasions, and in cases of invasion, or dan- 
ger from contagious disease, at the seat of govern- 
ment, he may convene them at any suitable place 
within the state. 

52. The governor's salary is $5,000; the lieutenant-govern- 

or's is $1,000. 

53. He must communicate to the legislature each case, 

the name of the convict, the crime for which he 
was convicted, the sentence and its date, and the 
reasons for granting the pardon. 

54. The lieutenant-governor. 

55. The secretary of state. 

56. After passing both houses of the legislature, and receiv- 

ing the signature of the governor; but if he does 
not sign it, he must return it to the legislature with 
his objections, when it may be reconsidered, and 
passed by a two-thirds vote in each house, after 
which it becomes a law. 



Teachers' Question Book. ' 141 

57. Secretary of state, treasurer, attorney general, state 

prison commissioners, senators, lieutenant-governor 
and governor. 

58. Sheriff, coroner, register of deeds, treasurer and district 

attorney. 

59. He is not eligible for the following term. The county 

is not liable for his acts. 

60. By the senate, — a two-third vote being necessary to 

convict. 

61. In a supreme court, circuit courts, courts of probate, 

and justices of the peace. 

62. No. 

63. By appointment by the governor. 

64. The supreme court. The judges hold their seats for 

a term of six. years. 

65. A court that presides over a district. The judges hold 

their seats for a term of six years. 

66. A court that presides over a county. The term of 

office of the judges is two years. 

67. A town officer whose duty is to preserve the peace, 

and preside in questions of law that may be brought 
before him. His term of office is two years. 

68. They shall be prefaced with " The State of Wisconsin." 

69. It shall be uniform. 

70. An annual tax sufficient to defray the expenses of the 

government. 

71. Extraordinary expenses. It is forbidden in works of 

internal improvement. 

72. The principal rivers and lakes. 

73. A state superintendent and other officers as the legis- 

lature may direct ; and are elected the same as other 
officers, for a term of two years. 

74. By the legislature, and supported by a district tax 

and a proportion of the money derived from the 
state school fund, and are free. 

75. Five months. 



142 Teachers' Question Book. 

76. The amendment may be proposed in either house, 

and if a majority of the members of the legislature 
concur, it shall be published three months before 
the election of the next legislature ; and if a majori- 
ty of the new legislature vote for its acceptance, it 
shall be submitted to the people, at some general 
election, and if the people ratify it, the amend- 
ment becomes a part of the Constitution. 

77. The first Monday in January. 

78. Disqualification as an elector. 

79. Eight. 

80. Four. 



ff'&jrffJBJHM. 



PAGE 

Questions on Orthography 3 

Answers to Questions on Orthography 56 

Questions on Reading 4 

Answers to Questions on Reading 59 

Questions on Grammar 6 

Answers to Questions on Grammar 61 

Examples in Mental Arithmetic 11 

Answers to Examples in Mental Arithmetic 71 

Questions on Written Arithmetic 16 

Answers to Questions on Written Arithmetic 74 

Questions on History 25 

Answers to Questions on History 84 

Questions on Geography 36 

Answers to Questions on Geography 100 

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Questions on Constitution of Wisconsin 51 

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